Flatworms: makhalidwe ambiri ndi kapangidwe

makalasi osiyanasiyana monga mphutsi mosabisa ndi chidwi asayansi aakulu. Ndipo si monga chakuti zamoyo izi ndi chidwi mwa iwo okha. Ndipo ambiri a iwo ndi owopsa kwambiri. Flukes ndi tapeworms - magulu awiri a nyama parasitic zimene zimachititsa kuti aakulu matenda anthu ndi ziweto. maphunziro awa pokhala amaphatikizidwa mu gulu limodzi ndi ufulu okhala- Turbellaria - ndi Plathelminthes mtundu (flatworms). makhalidwe General wa iwo m'nkhani ino. Odziwika kwambiri a iwo ndi mitundu parasitic, omwe akutipatsa chitsanzo kusinthana kwa mibadwo khalidwe la moyo parasitic. mapangidwe athu a mtundu wa flatworms akuyamba ndi mbali structural ya zinthu izi.

flatworms Avilable

Pakuti flukes lililonse pamaso pa mbedza ndi suckers, dongosolo zovuta ubereki ndi kuchepetsedwa mphamvu. zigawo A njoka zam'mimba za matepi posoŵa wa intestine, chifukwa iwo amakhala okonzeka ndi kudya chakudya. Kwenikweni, nyama zimenezi zikuimira ndi thumba lodzala ndi mazira. Wokongola losavuta kapangidwe zochokera amgwirizano chosokonekera ndi flatworms. makhalidwe General ndi: lamanja ndi lamanzere amachepetsa thupi ali ngati galasi. Free moyo flatworms ndi flattened thupi mawonekedwe ndi dzenje limodzi lokha intestine ndi - pakamwa. mitsempha ya magazi, zamoyo izi mosatsata. Timauza za choyamba mitundu ufulu wamoyo, polongosola mtundu wa flatworms. makhalidwe General wa iwo anapereka m'munsimu.

flatworms Free amoyo: zakudya, kuyenda ndi kutulutsidwa

Ectoderm ndi endoderm, khalidwe la coelenterates, flatworms olekanitsidwa ndi maselo lachitatu - mesoderm imene kukhala minofu minofu ndi kumaliseche. Maonekedwe a kachitidwe limba - chinthu chofunika kwambiri patsogolo poyerekeza ndi gulu coelenterates. Ambiri flatworms ufulu amoyo - zamoyo za m'madzi. Iwo amasunthira mwa ciliary minofu chidule kapena kayendedwe kuti kuphimba thupi lawo. flatworms zimadya ntchito pamene kudyetsa pakhosi (limba polumikiza mkamwa intestine ndi) mwamtundu kupanga ake ndi chifukwa contractions minofu chinang'ambika zidutswa za chakudya, limene zimalowa intestine lapansi. Undigested zatsalira chakudya kumbuyo mu mmero ndipo ejected.

Flatworms, dongosolo limene ife mwachidule kuwunikira, - gulu loyamba la nyama zimene pali weniweni excretory dongosolo. Iwo ukufanizidwa ndi ducts awiri excretory kulumikizanitsa "maselo lawi" ndi kutsegula pa mapeto kumbuyo kwa thupi pores excretory. "Maselo odzipereka" Dzina limeneli chifukwa cha zonse mosinthasintha mwa iwo mitolo ya cilia, amene zonse bwino madzi.

Tikupereka inu kuti bwino nthumwi munthu wa mtundu wa flatworms. makhalidwe General ndi chithunzi kuti akuthandizeni kuti mupereke chidwi chamoyo.

Procerodeslittoralis

Free-flatworm Procerodeslittoralis kufika kutalika kwa masentimita 2 ndipo amakhala ku magombe miyala nyanja. Adzaupereka kwa gulu la Turbellaria, anthu ambiri amene ali moyo m'madzi. Njanji woboola thupi zikhale zosavuta akakufunsani mpweya ndi mapeto mankhwala a kagayidwe, chimene chiri chofunika kwa chinyama, mosatsata m'thupi. Amenewa ndi makhalidwe ake onse. Mtundu flatworms kupitiriza kuganizira kupita ku malongosoledwe a minofu mantha ndi ziwalo zithunzi.

Mitsempha minofu, ziwalo zithunzi mphutsi ufulu

Kudzikundikira minofu mitsempha kumaso kwa lathyathyathya thupi la mphutsi za ndipamene ubongo, ndiwo mitsempha zingwe za maso awiri achikale. Komabe, flatworms ambiri amapewa kuwala ndipo wapeza chakudya ntchito chemoreceptors. Mu zatsopano, iwo mofulumira kuyankha fungo mukuchitika chakudya m'madzi.

flatworms Ciliated ndi kapangidwe zotsatirazi. maso awo zili kumapeto mutu wa thupi, pa ubongo, amene akupereka awiri zingwe mitsempha. Pakhosi, sanathe kusintha mkati ndi kunja, akutsegula mu nthambi intestine. Mitundu yonse - hermaphrodites, ndi thumba losunga mazira ndi testes. Maliseche kutsegula amatsogolera mu cloaca maliseche, amene ali copulatory limba. Kudutsa oviduct, ndi dzira chakudya vitellaria secretions.

Flatworms-flukes: moyo

Mawonekedwe zosavuta parasitism - .. Ectoparasitism, mwachitsanzo moyo chimakwirira lakunja wa asilikali. Ena flukes kugwira izo. Mwachitsanzo, Gyrodactylus Ufumuyo kudzera zida zomatira ndi ngowe ku makutu a nsomba, amene akudya. Koma munthu n'kofunika kwambiri mkati flukes parasitic monga Schistosoma (onani chithunzi m'munsimu), kamene kamayambitsa likodzo ndi chiwindi fluke (Fasciola), zambiri zimakhudza ya ndulu ducts ndi kuwira nkhosa.

Parasitic mu anthu flukes magazi wamkulu wa amuna ndi akazi amakhala mtsempha wa intestine, ndi kuchititsa kutupa ndi magazi mkati. mazira ndi excreted kudzera chikhodzodzo kapena intestine, ndi kamodzi mu madzi, kupereka mphutsi ufulu kusambira, chimene likulowerera mu minofu cochlear. M'kupita kwa pofuna pali ena mphutsi kuti kugwera m'madzi ndi kupatsira anthu kulowerera mu m'magazi kudzera pakhungu.

Chiwindi fluke tiziromboti mu ducts ya ndulu ndi chikhodzodzo ng'ombe ndi nkhosa. Iye ndi lachonde kwambiri: umabala oposa 40 000 mazira, zomwe kusiya khamu ndi chimbudzi. Mazira ali ndi ufulu kusambira mphutsi ndi kugwera mungafike khamu - mollusks madzi oyera. Pambuyo mndandanda wa njira limapezeka caudate ting'onoting'ono semblance wa fluke wamkulu, amene amapita khoma thupi la nsombayi kunja, akutsikira pa tsinde la mbewu, ndi kukhala kumeneko mpaka kudya nkhosa.

Zosowa za majeremusi mkati ndi mwachilungamo wophweka. Choncho, locomotor ndi m'mimba zawo kachitidwe, komanso akuluakulu yafupika mphamvu. Kachitidwe kugonana ndi bwino olemera, kuonetsetsa kuti ena mwa ana msonkhano ndi mwini latsopano. Choncho, ziwalo zonse ubereki wabwino wa trematodes zambiri ndithu waukulu komanso ambiri maselo nyongolosi aumbike mwa iwo. Ngakhale 99% ya mbewu adzafa, mpumulo kupulumuka, kupeza mwini latsopano.

mitundu khamu

The nyama imene parasitize fluke wamkulu, amatchedwa "komaliza" mbuye. Magawowa kusintha kwa tiziromboti kuchokera khamu wina ndi mzake komaliza, palibe chimodzi kapena zingapo wapakatikati. Schistosoma amagwiritsa chimodzi chokha wapakatikati khamu. Koma Chinese chiwindi fluke (Clonorchis, anapereka chithunzi pamwambapa) - awiri: nkhono ndi nsomba. The wapakatikati khamu lake tiziromboti akudutsa wapadera larval siteji, imene kumawonjezera mphamvu ndi asexual kubalana.

moyo tapeworms

Mu tapeworms zosabvuta winanso wa Kapangidwe ka thupi zimawonedwa. Dongosolo m'mimba palibe, kuyambira tiziromboti, ndi kumizidwa mu nkhani theka m'mimba ya intestine phwandolo, likhoza kuyamwa zinthu likufuna. Ndi mwini mutu nyongolotsi Ufumuyo, zida ndi ngowe ndi suckers. Onse a thupi chabe mndandanda wa zigawo munthu, kapena proglottids, amene anapanga mu zigawo chapamwamba lamba mtima wonse inaimitsidwa mu lumen matumbo wa asilikali.

Kupatula tubules excretory ndi zingwe mitsempha, njoka zam'mimba za matepi zigawo ndi, kwenikweni, ziwalo la kubalana. tubules Seminiferous nthambi otaya mu ejaculatory ritsa, amene pamodzi ndi nyini akutsegula kutsegula maliseche. Mazira n'kuwasanganiza, kodi amaperekedwa ndi secretions chipolopolo England ndi vitellarium. mazira zasungidwa mu chiberekero.

njoka zam'mimba za matepi magawo chitukuko

Ukala mazira tapeworms okonzeka ndi yolk ndi atazunguliridwa ndi m'chimake zodzitetezera kudziunjikira mu chiberekero mphutsi. zigawo mwauzimu alibe pamodzi ndi ndowe khamu ali excreted. Ngati flukes ndi, tapeworms ndi chimodzi kapena zingapo wapakatikati makamu. Mwachitsanzo, yotakata njoka zam'mimba za matepi (Diphyllobothriumlatum), kunachitika munthu intestine, agalu ndi amphaka ndi kufika kutalika kuposa 9 m, awiri wapakatikati makamu, mu nkhumba njoka zam'mimba za matepi (Taenia solium) - wina.

Vuto la chitukuko cha njoka zam'mimba za matepi yotakata

Makhalidwe flatworm mitundu njoka zam'mimba za matepi yotakata (onani chithunzi pamwambapa) motere. Iwo ali awiri wapakatikati makamu - Cyclops ndi mmodzi mwa anthu madzi oyera nsomba Europe, America ndi Far East. Nyongolotsi wamkulu amakhala ku intestine anthu ndi angafikire mamita angapo m'litali. zigawo osachiritsika kusiya ndipo adzatuluka ndi chimbudzi, kubweretsa mazira 13 miliyoni. tsiku. The madzi hatches dzira mwana wosabadwayo, amene adya cyclops. Iwo Ndisanaumbidwe akufotokozera larva choyamba. Ngati Cyclops kudya nsomba, kupanga larva lachiwiri, limene anadzetsa minofu ya nsomba. Ngati zakhudzana ndi inadequately yophika nsomba kudya anthu, iye adzamasulidwa. Kugwiritsa ngowe kakang'ono, ndi larva amamangirira khoma za m'mimba wa munthu ndi kwa masabata 3 kwasanduka mawonekedwe wamkulu. The mkombero akubwerezedwa.

Vuto la chitukuko nkhumba njoka zam'mimba za matepi

Pomaliza, tikukupemphani kuwerenga flatworm mitundu ina. Taganizirani chitukuko mkombero wa nkhumba njoka zam'mimba za matepi. Dzira izo, kuunikila kunja ndi ndowe munthu kukhazikitsa zina pokhapokha ngati kugwa mu nkhumba intestine, kumene timadziti m'mimba kupasuka mazira chipolopolo ndipo wasandutsa mluza, zida ndi ngowe asanu. Iye kubaya m'matumbo khoma ndi kugwera m'magazi, amene amapatsidwa minofu. Apa iye encysted kupanga kuwira-Finn, ndi kukhala pa siteji kuti mpaka nyama yowola sadya anthu. Ndi tiziromboti moyo mkombero kachiwiri.

Choncho, ife mwachidule ankaona chidwi kwa ife zamoyo, anapatsidwa makhalidwe awo onse. Mtundu flatworms akukamba mavuto ambiri anthu, kotero asayansi kupeza njira zatsopano pofuna kuthana nawo.