Fumbi mikuntho: zimayambitsa, zotsatila. Kodi pali fumbi mikuntho?

zochitika izi nyengo chopereka kwambiri kwa kuwononga mpweya wa dziko lapansi. Ndi mmodzi mwa anthu zosaneneka chodabwitsa zachilengedwe zimene asayansi Mwachangu anapeza malongosoledwe yosavuta kumva.

Izi chokhwima nyengo chodabwitsa - fumbi mikuntho. Kuti mudziwe zambiri za iwo ayankhidwa m'nkhani yotsatira.

tanthauzo

Fumbi kapena mchenga mkuntho - kusamukira chodabwitsa ndalama yaikulu mchenga ndi fumbi mkulu mphepo, limodzi ndi kuwonongeka lakuthwa mu aone. Childs, zinthuzo ochokera pa dziko.

Izi zinali m'madera otentha a dziko, kumene mpweya mafunde kunyamula mitambo wamphamvu fumbi mu nyanja. Komanso, woimira ngozi ndithu kuti munthu makamaka pa dziko, iwowa kwambiri kuganiza kwa chilungamo cha mpweya, motero limapangitsa kusunga pamwamba pa nyanja kuchokera mlenga lenga.

Zimayambitsa wa Fumbi Bowl

nkhani zonse mu kutentha kwambiri, chifukwa wamphamvu kuyanika nthaka, ndiyeno padziko wosanjikiza chitatha mu particles tosaoneka ndi maso, ndi anatola ndi mphepo yamphamvu.

Koma fumbi mikuntho kuyamba pamene ena mfundo kuweruza imathamanga mphepo, malingana ndi mtunda ndi nthaka dongosolo. Nthawi zambiri amayamba imathamanga mphepo mu osiyanasiyana 10-12 m / s. A dothi ofooka pa mikuntho loess fumbi zimachitika chilimwe, ngakhale imathamanga 8 m / s, osachepera 5 m / s.

khalidwe

Kutalika kwa mphepo zimasiyanasiyana mphindi masiku angapo. Nthawi zambiri, nthawi amayezedwa maola. Mwachitsanzo, m'dera la ku Aral Sea 80 ola mkuntho chinalembedwa.

Pambuyo kutha kwa zimayambitsa chodabwitsa anafotokoza anakweza fumbi padziko lapansi ndi pa mlengalenga boma inaimitsidwa kwa maola ochepa, mwina masiku. Mu milandu, misa yaikulu kulanda otaya mpweya mazana ndi zikwi makilomita. Dzina lake ndi mphepo pa ataliatali ku fumbi gwero amatchedwa advective Chifunga. mpweya misa zotentha za nkhungu kunditumiza ku mbali ya kum'mwera ya Russia ndi ku Ulaya kwa Africa (malo kumpoto) ndi Middle East. A mitsinje kumadzulo nthawi zambiri fumbi ngati ku China (pakati ndi kumpoto) pa Pacific gombe, ndi zina zotero. D.

mtundu

Fumbi mikuntho ndi zosiyanasiyana mitundu, chimene chimadalira pa dongosolo nthaka ndi mtundu. Pali mikuntho mitundu zotsatirazi:

• wakuda (dothi wakuda mwa madera kum'mwera ndi kum'mwera kum'mawa kwa Ulaya Russia, Orenburg dera ndi Bashkortostan);
• chikasu ndipo bulauni (lililonse la United States ndi ku Central Asia - loam ndi mchenga loam);
• chofiira (wofiira oxides chitsulo dothi la Afghanistan ndi m'chipululu aku Iran;
• woyera (mchere m'madambo Kalmykia madera ena a Turkmenistan ndi dera Volga).

mikuntho Geography

Nthawi ya mkuntho fumbi zimachitika malo osiyana a dziko. M'dera waukulu yogawa ndipo theka chipululu otentha ndi kotentha nyengo, ndi hemispheres onse a dziko lapansi.

Zambiri, mawu akuti "fumbi mkuntho" ntchito akachitika pa loam kapena nthaka dongo. Akachitika m'zipululu mchenga (mwachitsanzo Sahara, Kyzylkum, Karakum ndi zina zotero.), Komanso particles zing'onozing'ono mphepo amanyamula mamiliyoni mpweya matani ndi tinthu zikuluzikulu (mchenga), kale mawu akuti "mchenga mkuntho" ntchito.

Pafupipafupi fumbi mikuntho zimachitika Balkhash ndi dera Aral Nyanja (kum'mwera Kazakhstan), kumadzulo kwa dziko la Kazakhstan, pa Nyanja ya Caspian, mu Karakalpakstan ndi Turkmenistan.

Kodi pali fumbi mikuntho mu Russia? Nthawi zambiri zidzachitika mu Astrakhan ndi Volgograd m'madera ku Tuva, Kalmykia, komanso mu Altai ndi Trans-Baikal m'madera. Zikafika chilala yaitali, mikuntho angathe (osati chaka chilichonse) mu nkhalango-steppe ndi steppe mabacteria wa Chita, Buryatia, Tuva, Novosibirsk, Orenburg, Samara, Voronezh ndi Rostov m'madera Krasnodar ndi Stavropol Magawo, mu Crimea ndi ena.

Magwero yaikulu ya Chifunga yafumbi mu Nyanja Arabia - ndi m'chipululu kwa Arabiya ndi Africa. Pasanathe kuwonongeka mu malo awa kubweretsa mkuntho Iran ndi Pakistan ndi India.

Mu Pacific Ocean fumbi mikuntho kunyamula Chinese.

zotsatira zachilengedwe wa Fumbi Bowl

Chodabwitsa anafotokoza angachititse milu yaikulu ndi kusamutsa yambiri fumbi kuti kutsogolo angaoneke ngati wandiweyani ndi lalitali fumbi (mpaka 1.6 Km.). Akubwera kuchokera Sahara chipululu mikuntho amadziwika ngati "sandstorm", "Khamsin" (Egypt ndi Israel) ndi "habub" (Sudan). Makamaka mu Sahara mikuntho zimachitika gawo dzenje ndi Bodélé Depression amakulitsa Mali malire Mauritania ndi Algeria.

Tikumbukenso kuti pa zaka 60 zapitazi chiwerengero cha mkuntho Saharan fumbi chinawonjezeka pafupifupi 10 nthawi, kuchititsa kuchepetsa ndithu mu makulidwe a wosanjikiza pamwamba pa nthaka Chad, Nigeria. Yerekezerani tisaiwale kuti Mauritania 60 a m'nthawi yomaliza chinachitika awiri monga fumbi mikuntho, ndi tsopano chaka kumeneko zimawonedwa pa mikuntho 80.

Asayansi, zachilengedwe ndikukhulupirira kuti zachibwana maganizo kuchigawo louma la Earth, makamaka kunyalanyaza dongosolo la kasinthasintha mbewu, zonse zimabweretsa kuwonjezeka mu malo achipululu ndi kusintha kwa nyengo m'chigawo cha dziko lapansili padziko lonse.

kuthana

Fumbi mikuntho, komanso zina zambiri zochitika zachilengedwe kubweretsa mavuto aakulu. Pofuna kuchepetsa kapena kuletsa zotsatira zawo chowawa ayenera aziyang'anitsitsa mtunda - mpumulo, microclimate, mosavuta mphepo malangizo apa ndi kugwira ntchito zogwirizana zimene zikanatha kuchepetsa liwiro mphepo pafupi padziko nthaka ndi kuonjezera guluu wolimba wa particles dothi.

Kuchepetsa liwiro mphepo, kuchita zinthu zina. Kulikonse analenga dongosolo la malamba pogona ndi mapiko. Ndithu zotsatira kuwonjezeka guluu wolimba wa particles dothi samalingalira-mpaka akulima, dziputu kumanzere, udzu osatha, n'kupanga udzu osatha interspersed ndi mbewu mbewu pachaka.

Ena yotchuka mchenga ndi fumbi mikuntho

Mwachitsanzo, timapereka inu mndandanda wa wotchuka kwambiri mchenga ndi fumbi mikuntho:

• Mu 525 BC. e., malinga Herodotus, mu Sahara pa sandstorm anafa 50000th asilikali mfumu Kambisesi ya Perisiya.
• Mu 1928 ku Ukraine mphepo yoopsa kukwezedwa Bole 15 miliyoni. Matani nthaka wakuda kuchokera kudera la miliyoni 1 sq. Km, umene fumbi lizikhala mu Carpathians, Romania, ndi Poland, kumene anakakhala.
• Mu 1983, mkuntho wamphamvu kumpoto kwa boma la Victoria ku Australia waphimba mzinda wa Melbourne.
• M'chaka cha 2007 ku Karachi ndi Baluchistan ndi maiko Sindh panali namondwe wamphamvu ndi mvula yamkuntho pambuyo pake, zinachititsa kuti imfa ya anthu 200.
• Mu May 2008, ku Mongolia chifukwa mchenga namondwe anapha anthu 46.
• Mu September 2015 yoopsa "Sharav" (sandstorm) chinapululutsa dera ikuluikulu ya ku Middle East ndi Africa North. Zovuta kugunda Israel, Egypt, Palestine, Lebanon, Jordan, Saudi Arabia ndi Syria. Panali ovulala.

Pomaliza, pang'ono mikuntho zakuthambo fumbi

Mars fumbi mikuntho zimachitika motere. Chifukwa cha kusiyana amphamvu kutentha pakati pa ayezi makulidwe ndi mpweya otentha m'mphepete mwa kum'mwera kumalo ozizira kapu dziko Mars pali amphamvu mphepo, mitambo fumbi kukweza yaikulu red-bulauni. Ndipo apa pali tanthauzo lake. Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti Mars fumbi mwina ndi mbali mofanana mitambo ya padziko lapansi. Kutentha mlengalenga kumachitika mwa mayamwidwe kuwala kwa dzuwa ndi fumbi.