Galasi. Kukonzekera ndi ntchito. Galasi limatsogolera mfundo

Monga mmodzi wa zipangizo wamkulu, galasi yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu kwa zaka masauzande ambiri, osati mmodzi. The amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwanjira za nkhaniyi zinamuthandiza kuti ntchito zosiyanasiyana mafakitale. Physico-mankhwala katundu wa galasi ananena kuti mankhwala zochita kupanga zovuta, ali ndi dongosolo amorphous ndi isotropic.

Pakuti mtundu uliwonse wa galasi kupanga ndondomeko yodziwika mu akatembenuka boma la loitanirana wa flowable, kwambiri viscous kwa mtundu kunyezimira. Yopanga luso amapereka yozizira pa mlingo umene salola kuti asamukire ku Sungunulani gawo crystallization.

Galasi limatsogolera kutentha zimadalira ubwino wake ndi ntchito kuyembekezera. Childs, kuphika chikuchitika pa mwachilungamo lonse kuchokera 300 mpaka 2500 ° C kutentha osiyanasiyana. Katundu wa mankhwala zimadalira zigawo m'gulu la Sungunulani galasi-n'kupanga. Mndandanda ndi yaikulu kwambiri ndipo izi zikuimira zosiyanasiyana oxides, phosphates, fluorides, ndi zina zina. Mu tingachipeze powerenga izi, chilungamo sali mbali yomaliza losiyanasiyana galasi kunachitika chikhalidwe ndi apanga mu njira ya ulimi.

Kuchokera zamanja amakezana galasi, analembedwa zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri BC, anakumana archeologists chinkhoswe mu zofukulidwa ku Egypt. Amenewa anali mikanda ndi zithumwa. Koma patapita zaka masauzande ochepa, kufikira Kubwera kwa zomera woyamba mafakitale, galasi mafakitale za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu. Mbali A kupanga magalasi milandu ndi limatsogolera mfundo za galasi akamagwira ntchito malasha, ndi kusungunuka zitsulo boilers kutsekedwa.

Isanafike kuti ntchito ngati nkhuni mafuta, kukambirana galasi-yaitali anali mu malo, anamwazikana ng'anjo ndi mafuta amadya m'dera msanga. The boilers panatseguka, nkhuni si kumasula zinthu zokhudza chilungamo ndi mtundu wa linanena bungwe mankhwala. Kutentha mu galasi limatsogolera ndondomeko ya mtundu anafika 1450 ° C.

chochitika chofunika anali kuyambitsa m'zaka za m'ma XX kupanga njira lathyathyathya galasi dzina la mapulogalamu ake Emilya Furko, amene akufuna njira makina nyumba. Iwo panali mpaka 1959, izo kuimirira ndi njira zimatengedwa, anayamba ndi kampani "Pilkington".

The Gawo la galasi ochiritsira ndi silika mchenga mu chiŵerengero cha 69-74%, koloko (12-16%), miyala ndi dolomite (5-12%). Koma m'kati kupanga N'zochititsa chidwi osati kutentha pa zomwe galasi chimasungunula koma Sungunulani yozizira mlingo. Theoretically, pa kuzirala mofulumira akhoza zopezera vitreous ndi zitsulo, nthawi yaikulu kuziziritsa Sungunulani mapangidwe galasi latisi.

Pamene onse zosiyanasiyana katundu wokongola wa galasi ochiritsira pa nthawi pali pakufunikira kwa cholimba ndi opepuka zinthu zowonekera. Choyamba, izo yakhudza makampani, okhazikika yomanga ndege. Plexiglas nalo dzina lake okha pa kufananiza ofunika galasi chikhalidwe.

amadza chifukwa cha kukana mpaka kasanu apamwamba, n'kosavuta nthawi 2.5. Monga akafika mlingo wa HIV kuwala 92%, ali kukana mkulu kukalamba. zosavuta ndi angakwanitse kwambiri plexiglass mu processing. Limatsogolera mfundo plexiglass uli mkati madigiri 90-105, amene amalola kuti akhale kutentha ankachitira.

Koma onse a zinthuzi atenga lililonse kagawo kakang'ono mu pantchito za masiku ano. Traditional galasi zochita kupanga wagwira molimba malo ake ndipo sizizakutengerani atsopano ma polima organic.

Ntchito sipekitiramu yotakata zosafunika zosiyanasiyana ndi zina amapereka lodabwitsa osati makhalidwe kuwala kwa galasi, komanso kwambiri kusintha katundu makina.

Kuwonjezera ntchito mafakitale, n'kosatheka kuona udindo wa luso galasi. glassmakers Master, kupitiriza mwambo aluso wakale kulenga katswiri la galasi mu luso woona. Zokambirana zawo ng'anjo galasi limatsogolera kutentha kukufika, ntchito pafupifupi dzanja mu ntchito yake osati amasonyeza m'maganizo chidwi, komanso kuwononga kugwira ntchito.