Polovets ndi ... Pezani omwe Apolisi ali

Kwa nthawi yaitali akhala akukhulupirira kuti Polovtsian ndi mdani wa dziko la Russia, popeza oimira fuko lino anawonedwa mu nkhondo zambiri m'mayiko athu. Komabe, akatswiri a mbiri yakale amadziwa zochitika za mitundu yoyandikana nayo ya mafuko a Polovtsian ndi Asilavo, kuphatikizapo mayiko awo omwe amatsutsana nawo, monga a Hungary, Volga Bulgars, Mongols, ndi zina zotero. Mau umboni omwe amavumbula zinsinsi za fuko ili lotayirira lakhalabe laling'ono, komanso n'zotheka kufufuza Mbiri ya anthu a Polovtsian.

Makolo a Apolisi anali Chichina?

Tanthauzo la liwu lakuti "Polovets" m'Chisipanishi chakale limasonyeza kuti Asilavo ankatcha anthu ngati amenewo kapena kuchokera ku steppes (kuchokera ku mawu akuti "munda") kapena anali ndi mthunzi wachikasu wa khungu (kuchokera ku mawu akuti "kugonana" - "chikasu").

Zoonadi, makolo a Apolisi anali anthu omwe ankakhala m'maseŵera pakati pa East Tien Shan ndi a Mongolian Altai, omwe a Chinese anawatcha Seiyanto. Kudera limenelo kunali dziko lakale, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa mu 630, lomwe, mwamsanga, linawonongedwa ndi a Uighurs ndi a China omwewo. Pambuyo pake, anthu okhala m'maderawa anasintha dzina lachi Greek la "Syrah" ku "Kipchaks," zomwe zikutanthauza kuti "osasangalala, osasangalala," ndipo anapita ku Irtysh ndi steppes kum'mawa kwa Kazakhstan.

Kutanthauzira kwa zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi ndi maganizo a D. Sakharov

Tanthauzo ndi kutanthauzira mawu akuti "Polovets" amamasuliridwanso ndi akatswiri ena omwe amachokera ku mawu akuti "nsomba", kutanthawuza kusaka (ponena za katundu ndi anthu), komanso kuchokera ku mawu akuti "okwanira" - ukapolo, kumene woimira Asilavo adatengedwa.

M'zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu (makamaka E. Skryzhinskaya ndi A. Kunik) adapeza mayina a mafuko awa ndi "mizu", kutanthauza theka. Akatswiri ofufuza apeza kuti, anthu a ku Kiev, omwe anali pa banki yolondola ya Dnieper, ankatcha dzina lakuti nomads omwe anali ochokera kutsidya lina la mtsinjewu, "pansi pano." Academician D. Likhachev nthawi zambiri amaona kuti mavesitanidwe onsewa sagwedezeke. Iye ankaganiza kuti chinsinsi cha dzina la fukoli sichidzathetsedwa, chifukwa a Kipchaks-Polovtes anasiya chiwerengero chochepa cha zolembedwa zawo.

Polovtsy si fuko losiyana

Masiku ano, anthu amakhulupirira kuti Polovec ndiyimilira mafuko amitundu yosiyanasiyana, ndipo deta iyi imachokera pa nthawi ya zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri AD anthu a Kipchak adagonjetsedwa ndi mafuko a Mongolia a Kumosi-Kimaki, ndipo kenako anasamukira kumadzulo ndi nthumwi za mafuko a Mongoloid - Khitan. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka makumi atatu ndi zitatu za zana la khumi ndi chimodzi, gululi la anthu adagwidwa ndi stega pakati pa Volga ndi Irtysh ndipo adayandikira malire a dziko lakale la Russia.

Anthu "akuda" anafika kumalire a Russia

Za izo, amene Polovtsy oterewa kuchokera ku malo owonetsera mbiri yakale ya Russian, kwa nthawi yoyamba wapereka ndemanga Ипатьевская mbiri mu 1055. Malingana ndi zolemba izi, anthu "owala, achikasu" anadza kumalire a ufumu wa Pereslavl, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti mafuko a Kipchaks ndi Mongoloid akhale ndi dzina loti "Polovtsy".

Anthu omwe adangobwera kumene anakhazikika ku Nyanja ya Azov, Lower ndi Northern Northern Don, kumene "akazi" amapezeka, omwe asayansi amakhulupirira kuti adakhazikitsidwa ndi mafuko osakhalitsa omwe akumbukira makolo awo.

Kodi anthu a Cuman omwe nthawi imeneyo amakhulupirira ziphunzitso zachipembedzo? Zimakhulupirira kuti pakati pa fuko ili losungunuka, chipembedzo cha makolo chinali pachiyambi, chomwe chinadziwika mwa kukhazikitsidwa kwa mafano amtengo wapatali pa zigawo zazikulu za steppe, pamphepete mwa mitsinje m'malo opatulika. Pa nthawi yomweyi, kuikidwa maliro sikunali nthawi zonse. M'manda a Polovtsian, kawirikawiri kuikidwa kwa manda kumaphatikizidwa pamodzi ndi zinthu zapakhomo ndi nyama (zowakulungidwa) za ndodo yake ya nkhondo.

Zithunzi zikwi ziwiri zamwala ndi zolemba zochepa

Pamanda a anthu apamwamba pamagulu a anthu a Polovtsy adatsanulira chitunda. M'nthaŵi zam'tsogolo, pamene mapchak anagonjetsedwa ndi Asilamu, mbali ya zipilala zachikunja idatha. Pakalipano, pafupifupi 2,000 miyala ya "babas" yasungidwa m'madera a Russia masiku ano (kuyambira "balbal" kupita ku "prachshur"), omwe adakali ndi mphamvu yakuonjezera kubereka kwa dziko lapansi, kubwezeretsa chilengedwe. Zinyumbazi zinapulumuka zaka mazana ambiri, kuphatikizapo Apolovistas. Akunja, Asilamu, Akhristu - awa ndi Apolisi mu nthawi zosiyanasiyana za chitukuko cha anthu awa.

Iwo ankawombera mbalame pa ntchentche

Pambuyo poonekera ku dera lakumwera kwa Ulaya m'zaka za m'ma 18 AD. Anthu a Polovtsi sanaimire kudera lino ndikupitirizabe kuthetsa vutoli, phindu la izi ndi kukhalapo kwa galimoto yamtundu wotere monga nthawi ya kavalo, komanso kukwera mfuti.

Polovtsian ndi msilikali woyamba. Ana a mafuko awa kuyambira msinkhu wochepa adaphunzitsidwa kukwera pa akavalo ndi njira zamenyana, kotero kuti kenako adalowa ku koshun - asilikali a mtundu umodzi. The koshun ingaphatikizepo anthu ambiri kapena atatu kapena mazana anai, omwe adagonjetsa mdaniyo ndi chiwombankhanga, kuzungulira ndi mphete ndikuchiphimba ndi mivi. Kuphatikiza pa zovuta, zowonjezereka kwambiri pa nthawi imeneyo, Apolisi anali ndi ziboda, ziboda, ndi nthungo. Iwo ankavala zida mwa mawonekedwe a mbale zing'onozing'ono zachitsulo. Anzeru awo anali okwera kwambiri moti munthu wokwera pamahatchi ankatha kuwombera mbalame iliyonse.

Kakhitchini ya msasa ... pansi pa chinsalu

Kodi a Polovesi ndi otani mu njira za moyo wawo? Mitundu iyi inali yowonongeka kwambiri, yosadzichepetsa kwambiri ngakhale ndi miyezo ya nthawi imeneyo. Poyamba, ankakhala m'galimoto zogudubuza kapena ankamva ma yirts, ankadya mkaka, tchizi ndi nyama yaiwisi, zomwe zinkafewetsa mahatchi pansi pa chinsalucho. Kuchokera ku chiwonongeko iwo adabweretsa katundu ndi akaidi, pang'onopang'ono adzalandira chidziwitso, zizolowezi ndi miyambo kuchokera ku zikhalidwe zina. Ngakhale kuti chiyambi cha mawuwo sichinapeze tanthauzo lenileni la zomwe Polovtsian amatanthauza, anthu ambiri a nthawi imeneyo adzidzimvera okha.

Kuphunzira miyambo ya Polovtsi kunachokera kwa iwo, popeza mafuko osokonezeka a mtundu wa Kipchak anafikira ku Ciscaucasian steppes m'zaka za zana la 12 (chiŵerengero cha Polovtsian khans chinali pamtsinje wa Sunzha), anapita ku Pomorye, Surozhe ndi Korsun, Pomorye, Tmutarakan, anawononga pafupifupi 46 Kwa Russia, momwe iwo nthawi zambiri ankagonjetsedwa, komanso anagonjetsedwa. Makamaka, pozungulira 1100 AD. Anthu pafupifupi 45,000 a Kipchak anatulutsidwa ndi Rusich kupita ku mayiko a ku Georgiya, kumene ankasakanikirana ndi mayiko ena.

Zizolowezi za Polovtsian zogwira aliyense ndi aliyense amene anagwera pansi pa mkono zinapangitsa kuti panthawi inayake anthu angapo osamalika aphunzire kumanga nyumba m'nyengo yozizira, kumene ngakhale zitsulo zinamangidwa mofanana ndi zowonongeka kwa Russia. Nsalu zapamwamba za chikopa zinali zokongoletsedwa ndi zingwe pamanja awo, monga za akuluakulu a Byzantine, zizindikiro za bungwe zinayambira pakati pa mafuko.

Ulamuliro wa Polovtsian unali wosiyana ndi Ulaya

Panthaŵi imene anagonjetsedwa ndi asilikali a Mongol-Tatar m'zaka za m'ma XIII, magulu a Polovtsian anali mabungwe, amphamvu kwambiri omwe anali Don ndi Transnistrian. M'masiku amenewo, Polovtsian inali nthumwi ya anthu omwe ankakhala m'madera omwe sanali otsika poyerekezera ndi maufumu a ku Ulaya. Izi zigawo za boma zomwe zinapangitsa kuti mayendedwe amtundu wa anthu "asachoke ku Varangians kupita ku Greece", adagonjetsedwa pa Rus ndipo adagwira ntchito mpaka zaka za m'ma 1990, pambuyo pake a Kipchaks adagonjetsedwa makamaka ku Russia pa nthawi ya nkhondo zenizeni za nthawi imeneyo.

Ndiye mungayankhe bwanji funso lokhudza anthu omwe ali a Polovota? Kuchokera m'mbiri yakale, tingathe kunena kuti anthu awa, ngakhale kuti ali ndi chidwi choyamba, adagwira ntchito yofunikira pakupanga mapu a ndale a dziko panthawiyo komanso popanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo masiku ano.