Ankhondo a ku Russia akale: zovala, zida ndi zipangizo

Malo onse okhala ndi malire omwe ayenera kusungidwa motsutsana ndi adani awo, chosowa chimenechi nthawi zonse chinalipo m'midzi yaikulu ya Aslav. Panthawi ya Rus Rus, nkhondo zinathetseratu dzikoli, kunali koyenera kulimbana ndi zoopseza kunja, komanso ndi mafuko ena. Mgwirizano ndi mgwirizano pakati pa akalonga anathandiza kukhazikitsa dziko lalikulu, lomwe linadziteteza. Asilikali achikulire achi Russia anaima pansi pa mbendera imodzi ndikuwonetsa dziko lonse mphamvu zawo ndi kulimbitsa mtima kwawo.

Druzhina

Asilavo anali anthu okonda mtendere, kotero asirikali achikulire a ku Russia sankawoneka mochuluka kwambiri motsutsana ndi maziko a anthu wamba. Pa chitetezo cha nyumba yake chinakhala ndi rogatins, nkhwangwa, mipeni ndi zida. Zida zankhondo, zida zikuwoneka pang'onopang'ono, ndipo zimayang'ana kwambiri kutetezedwa kwa mwini wake kuposa poyambitsa. M'zaka za zana la khumi, mafuko angapo a Asilavo omwe ali pafupi ndi kalonga wa Kiev, amene amapeza misonkho ndi kuteteza dera limene likulamulidwa ndi kuukiridwa kwa anthu a ku Sweden, a ku Swedes, a Byzantines, a Mongols, ndi ogwirizana. Maseŵera amapangidwa, omwe amapanga 30 peresenti ya asilikali apamwamba (omwe nthawi zambiri amathawa: Varangians, Pechenegs, Germans, Hungary) ndi asilikali (ankhondo). Panthawi imeneyi zida za wankhondo wakale wa ku Russia zili ndi chibonga, mkondo, lupanga. Chitetezo cha kuunika sichitsutsa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake ndipo chimapereka mwayi wopita ku nkhondo ndikukwera. Mitundu yambiri ya asilikali inali yamanyanja, mahatchi ankagwiritsidwa ntchito monga nyama zonyamula katundu komanso kubweretsa asilikali kumalo omenyera nkhondo. Mabomba okwera pamahatchi amapangidwa atagonjetsedwa ndi anthu a steppe, omwe anali okwera kwambiri.

Chitetezo

Nkhondo zakale za ku Russia zinali kuvala malaya ndi ma doko, mwachizoloŵezi kwa anthu a Rus 'a zaka za m'ma 500 mpaka 600, ndipo anali atavala nsapato. Pa nkhondo ya Russo-Byzantine, mdani adakantha ndi kulimba mtima ndi kulimbika kwa "Rus", amene adamenya nkhondo popanda zida zankhondo, akudzibisa okha ndi zikopa ndi kuzigwiritsa ntchito panthawi imodzimodzi monga zida. Pambuyo pake, "kuyak" inatuluka, yomwe inali malaya osapambulira manja, yodzala ndi mbale zochokera kumapiko a akavalo kapena zikopa za chikopa. Pambuyo pake, mbale zazitsulo zinagwiritsidwa ntchito poteteza thupi kuti lisagwidwe ndi mivi ya mdani.

Shield

Zida za wankhondo wakale wa ku Russia zinali zopepuka, zinapangitsa kuti anthu aziyenda bwino, koma panthawi imodzimodziyo anachepetsa mlingo wa chitetezo. Anthu a Asilavic ankagwiritsa ntchito zikopa zazikulu zamatabwa kuyambira nthawi zakale. Iwo anaphimba mutu wa msilikali, kotero panali dzenje kumtunda kwa maso. Kuyambira m'zaka za zana la khumi zishango zapangidwa mozungulira, zimakhala ndi chitsulo, zimaphimbidwa ndi zikopa ndi zokongoletsedwa ndi zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana za generic. Malinga ndi akatswiri a mbiri yakale a Byzantine, anthu a ku Russia anapanga linga la zikopa zomwe zimagwirizana kwambiri ndipo zimayendetsa nthungo. Machenjerero otere sanalole kuti mayiko apamwamba a mdani apite kumbuyo kwa asilikali a Russia. M'zaka 100 mawonekedwewa amasinthira mtundu watsopano wa asilikali - okwera pamahatchi. Zida zimakhala ngati maimondi, zokhala ndi mapiritsi awiri, zomwe zimakonzedwa ku nkhondo komanso paulendo. Pokhala ndi zipangizo zamtundu umenewu, asilikali achi Russia akale ankayenda mofulumira ndipo ananyamuka kuti ateteze malo awo asanayambe zida. Miyambo zambiri ndi nthano zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi zishango. Ena mwa iwo mpaka lero ali "mapiko". Amuna ogwa ndi ovulazidwa adabweretsedwa kunyumba pa zishango zawo, pamene adasiya maulamuliro awo amawaponyera pamapazi a mahatchi. Pazipata za Tsargrad yemwe anagonjetsedwa Mtsogoleri Oleg amapachika chishango.

Zida

Ankhondo achikulire a ku Russia ankavala zipewa zachilendo pamutu pawo pasanafike zaka za zana la 9 ndi la khumi, zomwe sizidawateteze ku zowawa za adani. Zida zoyambirira, zomwe akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale anazipeza, zinapangidwa malinga ndi mtundu wa Norman, koma sizinagwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri ku Russia. Zowonjezereka komanso zogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri zinali mawonekedwe oyenera. Chipewa pamutu umenewu chinkapangidwa ndi mbale zitsulo zinayi, zinkakongoletsedwa ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali komanso nthenga (kuchokera kwa ankhondo abwino kapena bwanamkubwa). Fomu yotereyi inalola kuti lupanga lidumphire, popanda kuvulaza munthu, balala lachikopa kapena kumverera kuchepa. Kusintha chisoti pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zina zoteteza: barmitsa (makalata olemberana makalata), nasonek (mbale yachitsulo). Kugwiritsa ntchito chitetezo mofanana ndi masks (mphutsi) ku Russia kunali kosavuta, nthawi zambiri ankaponyera zipewa, zomwe zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mayiko a ku Ulaya. Kufotokozera kwa wankhondo wakale wa Chirasha, wosungidwa mu annals, kumasonyeza kuti anthu sanali kubisala, koma akanatha kukumana ndi mdani ndi kuwopsya. Masikiti okhala ndi masikiti a theka anapangidwira kwa ankhondo olemekezeka ndi olemera, amadziwika ndi zokongoletsera zomwe sankanyamula ntchito zoteteza.

Makina a makina

Mbali yotchuka kwambiri ya zovala za wankhondo wakale wa ku Russia, malinga ndi zomwe akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale anazipeza, zikupezeka m'zaka za VII-VIII. Mamelo ndi sheti yokhala ndi mphete zitsulo, zogwirizana kwambiri. Panthawiyi, ambuye anali ovuta kuteteza chitetezocho, ntchitoyi inali yopepuka ndipo inatenga nthawi yaitali. Chitsulocho chinakulungidwa mu waya, kuchokera pamakona omwe anali opangidwa ndi ophimbidwa, okonzedwerana wina ndi mzake molingana ndi chiwembu 1 mpaka 4. Pazinthu 20-25,000 mphete zinapita kukonza makalata amtundu umodzi, wolemetsa womwe unali wolemera 6 mpaka 16. Zojambula muzitsulo zamkuwa zamkati. M'zaka za zana la chisanu ndi chiwiri, zipangizo zamakono zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito, pamene mphete zowongoka zinkagwedezeka, zomwe zinapereka malo otetezeka. Pa nthawi yomwe mailesi amathawa amatalika, zida zowonjezera zowonjezera zimaonekera: misomali (zitsulo, zokopa zojambulidwa), barmaid (makosi a khosi), ziphuphu (magolovu opangidwa ndi chitsulo). Amavala zovala zowonongeka kuti azitha kuzimitsa, kumachepetsa mphamvu. Pa nthawi yomweyo zida za lamala (lamwala) zinagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Russia . Kuti apange kansalu (kansalu) ka chikopa, pomwe zidutswa zachitsulo zofiira zinali zolimba. Kutalika kwake kunali masentimita 6 mpaka 9, m'lifupi kuyambira 1 mpaka 3. Zida zowonjezera zinasintha mndandanda wa makalatawo ndipo zinagulitsidwa ku mayiko ena. Ku Russia kunagwa, zida zankhondo komanso zamakono zinkaphatikizidwa. Yushman, msilikaliyo anali hauberkas, omwe anaperekedwa ndi mbale ku zifuwa zawo kuti apititse patsogolo chitetezo chawo. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za XIV, zida zatsopano zowonekera - galasi. Mafuta a zitsulo zazikulu, opukutidwa kuti awunike, monga lamulo, anali atayikidwa pa makalata a makina. Pambali ndi pamapewa, adagwirizanitsidwa ndi zikopa za chikopa, zomwe zimakongoletsedwa ndi mtundu wosiyana.

Zida

Zovala zothandizira msilikali wakale wa ku Russia sizinali zotetezeka, koma zinali zopepuka, zomwe zinkachititsa kuti anthu amphamvu ndi oponya mivi apitirize kumenya nkhondo. Malinga ndi zomwe apeza kuchokera ku mbiri yakale ya Byzantines, "Rusichi" inali ndi mphamvu yamphamvu. M'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi mphambu zisanu ndi chimodzi, zida za makolo athu zinali zachikale, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana. Kuti ziwonongeke kwambiri adani, zinali zolemetsa kwambiri komanso zinkakhala ndi zida zokongola. Kusintha kwa zida kunachitika potsatizana ndi chitukuko cha sayansi komanso kusintha kwa njira yakulimbana. Kutaya mawotchi, makina osokera, kupukuta ndi zitsulo zamagetsi akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwazaka mazana ambiri, ndipo mapangidwe awo akhala akusintha nthawi zonse. Zina mwazinthu zinavomerezedwa ndi mayiko ena, koma akatswiri a ku Russia ndi osula mfuti nthawi zonse anali osiyana ndi njira zowonekera komanso zodalirika za zopangidwa.

Zotsatira

Zida zogonjetsa pafupi zimadziwika kwa anthu onse, kumayambiriro kwa chitukuko, mitundu yake yayikulu inali ntchentche. Ichi ndi gulu lolemera, lomwe pamapeto pake linasanduka chitsulo. Nthaŵi zina, zimapanga zitsulo kapena misomali. Nthawi zambiri m'mabuku a ku Russia amatchulidwa pamodzi ndi chigamba cha mace, chachisanu ndi chimodzi, kisten. Chifukwa cha kuphweka kwa kupanga ndi kugwira ntchito polimbana, zida zogwira ntchito zinali ponseponse. Lupanga ndi sabata zimatengedwa pang'ono, koma asilikali ndi ankhondo akupitiriza kuligwiritsa ntchito pankhondo. Akatswiri a mbiri yakale analengedwa pamaziko a mbiri yakale ndi zofufuzira zithunzi zofanana ndi munthu wina wotchedwa wankhondo wakale wa ku Russia. Zithunzi za zomangamanga, komanso zithunzi za ankhondo omwe adapulumuka kufikira lero lino, zili ndi zida zankhanza, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi mace wodabwitsa.

Kusanza, kudula

M'mbiri yakale ya Russia, lupanga ndi lofunika kwambiri. Sikuti ndizo zida zazikulu zokha, komanso chizindikiro cha mphamvu yapamwamba. Miphika yogwiritsidwa ntchito inali ya mitundu ingapo, iwo ankavala mayina pamalo ovala: zasapozhnye, m'chiuno, pansi. Anagwiritsidwa ntchito pamodzi ndi lupanga ndi mace. Zida za msilikali wakale wa ku Russia zinasintha m'zaka za zana la X, ndipo sabata linalowetsedwa ndi lupanga. Makhalidwe ake omenyera anali kuyembekezedwa ndi a Russia mu nkhondo ndi anthu osankhidwa, omwe adakhoma mawonekedwe. Spears ndi rogatina ndizo zida zamakedzana zowola, zomwe zinagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino ndi asilikari monga chitetezo ndi chokhumudwitsa. Pogwiritsidwa ntchito mofanana, iwo anasintha mozungulira. Rogatins pang'onopang'ono amaloledwa ndi nthungo, zomwe zimalimbikitsa malonjezo. Nkhwangwa zidagonjetsedwa osati ndi anthu wamba (ankhondo ndi ankhondo), komanso ndi gulu la kalonga. Mu zida zankhondo zamtundu wankhondo zida za mtundu uwu zinali ndi kapangidwe kaifupi, anyamata (ankhondo) ankagwiritsa ntchito nkhwangwa pazitali zambiri. Berdysh (nkhwangwa yokhala ndi tsamba lonse) m'zaka za XIII - XIV idzakhala chida cha asilikali a Streltsy. Pambuyo pake amasandulika kukhala halberd.

Fikirani

Ndalama zonse zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku pa kusaka ndi kunyumba zinagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi asirikali a ku Russia ngati zida zankhondo. Mivi inapangidwa kuchokera ku nyanga ya nyama ndi mitundu yabwino ya nkhuni (birch, juniper). Ena a iwo anali oposa mamita awiri kutalika. Kusunga miviyo inagwiritsidwa ntchito pamphepete mwa phewa, yomwe inali yopangidwa ndi zikopa, nthawi zina yokongoletsedwa ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali, miyala yamtengo wapatali ndi yopanda phindu. Kupanga mivi kunagwiritsidwa ntchito bango, birch, bango, mitengo ya apulo, kumalo ake omwe anakhazikitsa chitsulo. M'zaka za zana la 10, utawu unali wovuta kwambiri, ndipo ndondomeko yake yopanga ntchito inali yovuta kwambiri. Mitundu yowombera inali njira yowonjezera yonyamula. Mitengo yawo inali yochepa kwambiri ya moto, koma chophimba (chomwe chinagwiritsidwa ntchito monga projectile) chinawononga kwambiri mdani, kupyola zida zogunda. Zinali zovuta kulimbitsa nsanamira, ngakhale anyamata amphamvu anakhala pamtunda ndi mapazi awo. M'zaka za zana la chisanu ndi chiwiri, kufulumizitsa ndi kuyambitsa ndondomekoyi inayamba kugwiritsira ntchito mbedza, yomwe ophika mavi ankavala pa lamba. Mpaka kupangidwa kwa zida , uta, kugwa pansi, ndi kugwa pansi kunagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magulu a Russian.

Zida

Alendo amene anachezera mizinda ya ku Russia ya zaka za m'ma 1500 ndi 13 adadabwa kuona kuti asilikali anali okonzeka. Pa zida zonse zooneka ngati zazikulu (makamaka pa akavalo okwera pamahatchi), okwera ndege amakumana mosavuta ndi ntchito zingapo. Pokhala muchitetezo, wankhondo amatha kugwira zipsinjo (kulamulira kavalo), kuwombera muvi kapena uta ndi kukonzekera lupanga lolimba kuti likhale lolimba. Ophika mahatchi anali mphamvu yowonongeka, choncho wokwera ndi wokwera pamahatchi ayenera kukhala ophweka, koma osatha. Chifuwacho, chiguduli ndi mbali za kavalo womenyana zinali zophimba, zomwe zinali zopangidwa ndi nsalu ndi mbale zowonjezera. Zida za wankhondo wakale wa ku Russia zinaganiziridwa kupyolera mwazing'ono kwambiri. Zisakasa, zopangidwa ndi matabwa, zinapangitsa woponya mivi kuti apite kumbali ina ndi kuwombera mofulumira, pamene akuyendetsa kayendetsedwe ka kavalo. Mosiyana ndi ankhondo a ku Ulaya a nthawi imeneyo, atavala zida zankhondo, zida zankhondo za a Russia zinkamenyana ndi nkhondo. Olemekezeka, akalonga, mafumu, zida ndi zida zankhondo zinali zolimbana ndi zokongola, zomwe zinali zokongoletsedwa bwino komanso zopangidwa ndi zizindikiro za boma. Iwo analandira nthumwi zachilendo ndipo anapita ku maholide.