Gasi wangwiro

Amadziwika kuti zinthu zonse zamoyo awo boma la loitanirana, mmodzi amene ndi mpweya. Zigawo za particles - mamolekyulu ndi maatomu - ali spaced popanda chapatali. Komabe, iwo ali mu zonse ndi ufulu kuyenda. katundu Zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti mogwirizana ndi tinthu kumachitika kokha pa nthawi ya mgwirizano, kwambiri kuwonjezeka liwiro mamolekyulu colliding ndi kukula. Izi boma gaseous wa nkhani wosiyana olimba ndi madzi.

Mawu "mpweya" mu Greek zikumveka ngati "chisokonezeko". Izi mwangwiro amadziwika kayendedwe ka particles, ndiwo kwenikweni mwachisawawa ndipo wachisokonezo. gasi sikugwira kupanga yotsimikizika pamwamba, mmenemo buku lonse nacho. Chotero boma la nkhani - ambiri mwa chilengedwe chathu.

Malamulo kudziwa katundu ndi makhalidwe a zinthu zina, ndi zopanga zovuta tione chitsanzo cha mkhalidwe umene osalimba wachibale wa mamolekyulu ndi maatomu ndi otsika. Iwo ankatchedwa "mpweya abwino". Iwo mtunda pakati pa particles ali wamkulu kuposa utali wozungulira wa asilikali mogwirizana intermolecular.

Choncho, abwino mpweya - chitsanzo ongolankhula wa nkhani imene pafupifupi munthu mogwirizana particles. Kwa iye zinthu izi ziyenera kukhalapo:

1. ochepa kukula kwa maselo a.

2. Palibe mphamvu ya zimene zimachitika pakati pa iwo.

3. Mwansanga zimachitika ngati kugunda kwa mipira zotanuka.

Chitsanzo chabwino cha boma mpweya nkhani angatchedwe imene kuthamanga pa kutentha otsika alibe upambana nthawi 100 mumlengalenga. Iwo n'chinthu chofunikira akatulutsidwa.

Lingaliro la "abwino mpweya" sayansi wakonza kumanga maselo-kayendedwe chiphunzitso, amene anapezazo ndi otsimikiza zatsopano zambiri. Malingana ndi chiphunzitso ndi mpweya osiyana abwino Agiriki ndi kwadzidzidzi.

Features wa woyamba umaonekera malamulo a sayansi zachikhalidwe. Lamulo la tinthu mpweya zimadalira pa wina ndi mzake, ndi mavuto pa chipupa ndi wofanana ndi mtengo wa nyemba amene opatsirana pa mamolekyulu munthu kugunda kwa nthawi yaitali. mphamvu zawo ndi Uwerenge ophatikizana particles payekha. Ntchito yabwino mpweya Pankhaniyi kuchita masamu Clapeyron aone kuti pali tsa = nkT. A chitsanzo chapadera cha ichi ndi malamulo anachokera asayansi thupi monga Boyle-Mariotte, Gay-Lussac, Charles.

Ngati abwino mpweya kutentha Sachita kapena kumawonjezera tinthu kachulukidwe ndi phindu zina, kumaonjezera yoweyula ake katundu. kusintha kumachitika kwa kwadzidzidzi gasi, mmene adziwana dzulo wa maatomu ndi tinthu angafanane ndi mtunda wa pakati pawo. Pali mitundu iwiri ya mafuta abwino:

1. Kuphunzitsa Bose Einstein particles wa mtundu umodzi inteja sapota.

2. Fermi ndi Dirac ziwerengero: a mtundu wina wa mamolekyulu kuti ndi theka inteja sapota.

Mosiyana chakale mafuta abwino kuchokera kwadzidzidzi ndi kuti ngakhale pa mtheradi kufunika ziro kutentha kwa osalimba mphamvu ndi kuthamanga wosiyana ziro. Iwo amakhala akuluakulu ndi kuwonjezeka osalimba. Pankhaniyi, particles ali ndi pazipita (dzina lina - malire) mphamvu. Kuyambira mfundo imeneyi, kapangidwe ndi chiphunzitso cha nyenyezi anthu amene kachulukidwe ndi apamwamba 1-10 makilogalamu / cm3, kutchulidwa elekitironi malamulo. Kodi kuposa 109kg / cm3, chinthu n'kukhala manyuroni.

Mu zitsulo, ntchito ya chiphunzitso chimene chakale abwino mpweya akudutsa mu kwadzidzidzi ndi kumvetsa ambiri zachitsulo katundu wa boma la nkhani: particles lolemererapo, kwambiri kuti yolangiza.

Pamene mwamphamvu anasonyeza otsika kutentha zinthu zosiyanasiyana limati madzi ndi olimba kayendedwe gulu la tinthu akhoza ankaona ngati abwino mpweya ntchito ankaimira excitations ofooka. Zikatero, zooneka mphatso za mphamvu ya thupi, amene anawonjezera kuti particles.