Georgia ndi Abkhazia: mkangano zimayambitsa

Nkhondo, nkhondo, chiwawa atasemphana - nthawizonse zomvetsa chisoni. Makamaka ngati ndondomeko kumatenga zaka zambiri. Anaona oterowo tsoka amadziwa Georgia ndi Abkhazia - mkangano iwo ndi yowala chitsanzo cha kusagwirizana dziko ndi udani. Koma n'chifukwa chiyani kuchitika? Tikambirana zina.

Mmene onse anayamba?

Pali mfundo zingapo view pa vuto kukumana kwa anthu awiri Caucasus. Mmodzi wa iwo - lingaliro chilungamo, malinga ndi zomwe pakati Georgia ndi Abkhazians sizikuwombana pachimake, monga pakati Armenia ndi Azerbaijanis. Kuti mbiri awa awiri anthu pafupi zachikhalidwe ndi ethnically. udani nonse ndinayamba pokhapokha nkhondo msanga. Iyo inali kuyambitsidwa chongopeka pogwiritsa ntchito mabodza pa TV ndiponso sayansi maboma.

Koma ndiye pali funso zachilendo. Kodi kufotokoza nkhanza zimenezi? Sikuti angayambe zingalowe ndi mwa kulima-umisiri ndale.

Mayankho a mafunso amenewa kupereka mfundo zosiyana. Bukuli lili pamaso zaka mazana ambiri mkangano pakati pa anthu awiri.

prehistory

Abkhazians - anthu, ethnically ndi chikhalidwe pafupi ndi Adygei. Kwa zaka 19 ndi 20 analibe ufulu ndi kudziyimira pawokha m'madera osiyanasiyana a Russian Ufumu.

M'zaka za m'ma 19, ndi ukulu anali yokhala pansi pa chitetezero cha Turkey. Only kuyambira 1810 ndi Abkhaz anayamba "cigawo" mu Russia.

Mpaka 1864, a ukulu anali kudziyimira pawokha, amene anataya 1866. Akuti anthu kumeneko sanamvere ndi yosiya ntchito. Patapita zaka ziwiri anayamba kuukira misa ndi zionetsero. Zinthu zanyanyira Chirasha Turkey nkhondo ya 1877-1878. Abkhazians mwasankha mbali ya mdani. Zimenezi n'zomveka, mwachitsanzo. Kwa. The akale ndikukumbukira nthawi pamene dziko linali kudziyimira pawokha mwa Turkey. Russian Ufumu vutoli m'njira ziwiri:

1. Kukakamizidwa yosamutsa kunja ufumuwo.
2. Kupititsa kusintha.

Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma Abkhazia ano lidagawikana. Sukhumi chigawo pansi utsogoleli Russian mu Tbilisi ndi Gagra ndi madera ozungulira anali mbali ya chigawo Black Sea.

Ndizachidziwikire kuti kuyambira kale, ndi nthawi overdue Chijojiya nkhondo ndi Abkhazia. 1992 chinali chiyambi chabe cha nkhondoyi, zotsatira zake za amene si inathetsedwa kutali. Popanda kutenga pogwiritsa amazionera, ine ndikufuna kuona kuti asanalowe USSR kudziyimira pawokha sanali kwathunthu gawo la Georgia.

Georgia ndi Abkhazia: nkhondo. Chifukwa atasemphana

kusintha Administrative wa Russian Ufumu ndiye Soviet Union ndipo anatsogolera nkhondoyi zida. Pulezidenti wa dziko V. V. Putin, achikomyunizimu analibe ngakhale anayala wanga, ndi bomba la atomiki pansi maziko a boma, nagawira dziko mu dziko, osati Kupititsa kudziyimira pawokha ndi mfundo za federalism. Mkangano Georgia ndi Abkhazia ndi chitsanzo, yeniyeni, chitsimikiziro cha mawu awa. Kamodzi anagawa dera la USSR anali kudziyimira pawokha umodzi mu Chijojiya SSR.

Chifaniziro cha "mdani" mu maganizo a Abkhazians

Ine anayamba kuoneka ndipo anapatsa kuyambira 30s oyambirira. Mbiri ya nthawi zingapo ndi nkhondo yapachiweniweni akutsatiridwa ndi "Sovietization" a boma kukhoza mokondera ndalama Abkhazia. Iziyenda Bolsheviks motsutsa Menshevik ndi White Alonda a Georgia, patapita anali linalanda kuti chomaliza, kokha nthawi iyi Soviet. Image cha mdani anali atayamba kale kupanga anthu ambiri. Ndipotu, kulimbana pakati pa woyera ndi wofiira apa adzatenge khalidwe la kupha zachilengedwe kwathunthu yosiyanasiyana. Zowawa, ndithudi, zonse Georgia ndi Abkhazia.

Pankhondoyi itayamba, choncho pa maziko a Civil nkhondo. Ena anathandiza Mensheviks ndi azungu. Georgia. Abkhazians - Bolsheviks. Koma pambuyo chigonjetso cha chipani cha Lenin posachedwapa chosalungama akuikidwa udindo wa kugonjetsa. Kugonjetsedwa kwa mbali yoluza m'tsogolo zinabala zipatso.

Kuyambira 1930 akuyamba chikhalidwe ndi malamulo mwankhanza a ku Georgia kwa Abkhazians. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, ulamuliro Stalin m'dzikolo mopanda mangawa. Georgia yodzala-kunachitika "ambuye" wa Caucasus.

Umayamba "kuukira" pa Abkhazia m'madera onse:

• Woyamba wa mayiko awiri, amene anali "downgraded" mu udindo wa. Ndipotu chabe kuti Authority walowa mu Chijojiya SSR zikusonyeza maganizo ananyozedwa cha Abkhaz anthu akuluakulu. Iwo amaona momvetsa mwa luntha ndi Achikulire. Georgia m'maso mwawo - adani. Si kwambiri imfa ya udindo wa lipabliki osiyana, koma kwenikweni, amene anali linalanda Abkhazia.
• Kutchula mu Chijojiya zilembo tchati.
• Maphunziro m'chinenero "mdani".
• Unachitikira mfundo m'dziko Georgia mu Abkhazia. Kwa zaka zingapo chiŵerengero cha osamukawo kuti amwenyewa 48 kuti 52. Zimenezo ndi pafupifupi theka la anthu -. Amtundu wa Georgia, amene anali ndi maudindo osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo patsogolo wolembedwa ntchito yakulipidwa. kukhwimitsa anthu disenfranchised m'dziko lawo, omwe sakanakhoza zimaonekera zoipa okhudza pakati pa mafuko awiri oyandikana.
• Media mu Abkhazia womwaza yekha mu zinenero Russian ndi Chijojiya. Amenenso wafunsira kusakhutira pakati pa anthu wamba, amene amalemekeza miyambo yake ndi chikhalidwe.

Pambuyo boma Stalin pa "m'firiji pamtunda" m'dzikolo akuyamba. Iye anabweretsa anthu a kumapiri a atolankhani m'chinenero chawo, chinenero kusukulu, kuchepetsa kusalana.

Tsopano ife tikhoza kufunsa funso yovomerezeka: "? Kodi Abkhazia nkhondo anali ndi Georgia" Nkhani amayankha positive.

Kuyesa kutuluka GSPC

Pa theka lachiwiri la zana la 20, ndi Abkhazians mobwerezabwereza anayesa secede ku Chijojiya SSR. angapo anzeru dziko akatulukire kwa Moscow ndi makalata boma losonkhanitsidwa. Yotchuka kwambiri ndi pachibwenzi 1977 chaka. icho chinali kutchedwa "Letter 130" mu mbiri. Onse a Abkhaz anzeru, onse odziwika ndi anthu wolemekezeka kudziyimira pawokha kuika anasaina chawo. "Letter 130" anali awaona anthu monga ngati referendum pa kuchoka kwa Georgia. Anafunsidwa anthu kulowa kudziyimira pawokha kapena kuti Russia, kapena kulenga ndi mabwalo osiyana, monga izo zinali isanafike Stalin.

Abkhazian komiti dera mlandu anthu amene anasaina kalatayi, a mwano. Mu 1978, msonkhano wapadera pankhaniyi. Atsogoleri onse Communist anadzudzula "Kalata", kuyitanira okonza "achiwembu." Choncho, tikhoza kunena motsimikiza kuti Abkhazia anali kukangana ndi Georgia. Mbiri ya nkhondo yawo sanayambe ndi "wamagazi" mu 1992, koma kale kwambiri.

Nthawi imeneyi, akuluakulu ayamba "kusangalatsa" anthu:

• Anachotsa zilembo za Chijojiya. M'malo mwake, iye anali ndi zilembo za Chisililiki.
• Apumeko wailesi m'chinenero chawo, amene pamodzi ndi Russian ndi boma Chijojiya anazindikira kudziyimira pawokha.
• Limited resettlement wa ku Georgia mu Abkhazia, amene poyamba amachirikiza.

akuvutika loyamba

Cha m'ma 80 ntchentche. XX m'ma Union anayamba kutha. Zinali zoonekeratu kuti nkhondo yapachiweniweni ali pafupi zimatha kuyambitsa. Boma Chijojiya anali mosamala tikuyandikira njira ya nkhani Abkhazian. M'malomwake, atsogoleri a Republican Party wa Patiashvili ndipo m'malo mwake m'chaka cha 1989 Gumbaridze anayamba kudziyalutsa ndi nationalists, poganizira kuti musunge mphamvu likhoza kuvunda wa USSR.

Zilinso choncho yomangika kuti Forum "Idgylara" m'malo mwa anthu onse kudziyimira pawokha akatulukire kwa Gorbachev ndi pempho kwa inalowa kuti RSFSR lapansi. Mu nkhani ya Kulipira chofunika yomweyo akabweretsa ndondomeko yapadera ulamuliro. Zofunika zimenezi Moscow limangolembedwa ananyalanyaza.

Kuyambira 15 mpaka 18 July 1989 yaitali kumbukirani Georgia ndi Abkhazia: mkangano anali kunkakhala atasemphana zida. Iwo anali okhudzidwa ndi loyamba. anthu 12 anaphedwa. Aliyense ankadziwa kuti ichi ndi "uyambe chizindikiro" sali kutali nkhondo zikuluzikulu asilikali. Georgia ndi Abkhazia kuyamba kuphunzitsa.

Kutha kwa Soviet Union kuti: inviolability ya malire ndi ufulu wa mitundu kukhalanso?

Choncho zimene zimayambitsa nkhondo pakati Georgia ndi Abkhazia? Funso ili wovuta kuyankha pomwepo ndi mosapita m'mbali. Mu "Georgia ndi Abkhazia: nkhondo. chifukwa "takambirana mizu mbiri za nkhondo ya. Utatha wa boma Soviet adaonjezeredwa akadali malamulo. Komabe, mavuto akukumana osati magulu omenyanawa. zisudzo ambiri Soviet Union, yoyenda yokha ndi dziko akuikidwa kusankha kovuta: chochita zinthu izi?

mchikhalidwe malamulo amene akutsutsana

• Mfundo inviolability ya malire a Georgia malinga ndi Maonekedwe UN.
• Lamanja la anthu kwa kukhalanso. Monga lamulo lonse, yolembedwa ndi United Nations. Komanso, ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa Soviet Union , Lenin, ngakhale anthuwo za mundandanda wa chipanichi, kuphatikizapo Stalin anapereka kwa Union Pangano mfundo ya polojekiti federalism ndi ufulu womasuka secede ku mayiko Union. Autonomous District ndi zisudzo dziko komanso ali ndi ufulu amenewa.

Zochita kumene, izi sizinali. Ichi ndi chokhacho mwadzina kulengeza. Abkhazia katatu anayesa secede ku Georgia. Koma iye anakana.

Koma! Chikalata Communist Congress sanayambe anatsimikizira anthu ufulu wa Abkhazia kuti secede. E. kasamalidwe Pafupifupi yoyenda yokha siligwirizana ndi zofuna za anthu. Choncho, mfundo ya zamalamulo achire zaufulu sanataye mpaka 1989.

dongosolo la zida loyang'anira wakhala anamanga m'njira monga kuteteza kuvunda boma la USSR. Ndi kudza kwa ulamuliro Gorbachev, kusintha onse kwambiri. Tsopano analengeza mfundo za demokalase posankha zochita. Ngakhale mutu wa boma anakhala pulezidenti kusankhidwa chisankho dziko, osati Mlembi wa Komiti chapakati cha CPSU. Izi zikutanthauza kuti tsopano si makomiti Republican Party kusankha ndi ufulu wowopsa kutapa, kuti n'zosatheka, ndipo anthu ambiri. Iwo Abkhazia ndipo anafuna kugwiritsira ntchito mwayi za ufulu umenewu.

1992 ndi kusintha kwa watsopano malamulo "lakale"

Ndi pafupi Constitution cha 1925. The kumene Lenin "kuthetsa" mayiko onse momasuka secede ku USSR. Malinga ndi chitsanzo US, pamene woyamba "ufulu" limati mwaufulu a boma ndi mosavuta kutuluka kumene. M'mayiko onse, ufulu umenewu palibe amene anatenga kulephera.

Koma Bungwe la Abkhazia Supreme waganiza kuteteza ufulu umenewu ndi secede ku Georgia. Ngati mu 1977 ndi 1989, ili ngati anthu popanda thandizo la komiti dera, tsopano boma ulamuliro wapamwamba ku umodzi ndi anthu ambiri nzika wamba analengeza achire awo.

Malinga ndi malamulo a dziko la 1925, Abkhazia - boma mwayekha kuti ali pa mfundo za voluntariness ndi kufanana ndi gawo la USSR. Kumene, pa mfundo malamulo a view, palibe munthu ufulu kumana ndi mabwalo a udindo wake ndi "Kulowera" kuti kudziyimira pawokha lapansi. Koma pakadali dziko ankakhala pansi pa malamulo a dziko la 1978, amene anapanga kuchita zimenezi oletsedwa.

Inayamba nkhondo

June 23, 1992, Supreme Council Authority analengeza kusintha kwa Constitution la 1925, malinga ndi zomwe dziko ndi wodziimira malamulo chilli. Patatha mwezi umodzi, Georgia m'gulu la UN, amene anapereka mwayi mwalamulo "kukonza" kuti malire Republic kuti analipo kale kugwa kwa USSR ake. Tsopano, Abkhazians, kuchokera amazionera a malamulo adziko lonse lapansi, anali Odzipatula amene amakayikira maziko a dongosolo malamulo. Nkhondo ya pakati Georgia ndi Abkhazia amakhala mosalephera.

masiteji kutsutsidwa

1. Ya 1989-1992. - ndale ndi malamulo. mbali zonse kuikira kumbuyo mfundo yake lingaliro, ntchito njira malamulo. Abkhazians ankanena kuti akuchita kulowa m'dziko lawo la Georgia si malamulo. Malinga ndi malamulo a dziko la 1925, boma analowa Soviet Union pa maziko ofanana. Zikutanthauza subordination wa gulu wina ndi mzake sayesedwa wolungama. Kulimbana anali mu "Abkhazian" anthu. Lamulo la kulimbikitsa kusamuka ku Georgia wachita ntchito yake. anthu unakhazikitsidwa magawano. "Kulondola malamulo" wa Abkhazia kumbuyo Georgia lenilenilo, limene anayesa secede ku USSR, oyamba. Iwo amapereka chifukwa otere ndi ufulu wa mitundu kukhalanso. Choncho, Abkhazia mukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito zomwezo, ndi secede ku Georgia.
2. Mu 1992-1994. - atasemphana zida.
3. 1994-2008 gg. - Pofuna kuthetsa vutolo mwamtendere.
4. 2008 - panopa - escalation a mkangano. "5-day nkhondo" ndi nawo Russia mu nkhondo. Declaration za ufulu. Koma palibe chimasintha. Tsopano iwo akhala osadalira pa wina ndi mzake Georgia Abkhazia nkhondo. Mwachidule za izi mtsogolo.

Georgia pawokha unawononga chimango zolimbana, zomwe wolungama pamaso pa kapangidwe kake wa Abkhazia. Mu 1992 iye adapereka Constitution la USSR mu 1978. E. Ndi kutsanzira, lomwe limapanga malire a m'magulu yekha.

Mu August 1992, Abkhazia analowa asilikali zonse Chijojiya ndi zida zankhondo olemera ndi akasinja. Iwo anayamba zikuluzikulu nkhondo. Kuwonjezera akuvutikawo. izo sizinathetse m'pang'ono Georgia. Dera wamphamvu kudziyimira pawokha (240 zikwi. Pers.) Wapatsa chilichonse. Mawerengedwe a kutsogolo zoweta sayesedwa wolungama. Komanso, awiri mizinda Chijojiya analiko Gagra ndi Gantiadi amene anathetsa. Anthu okhala m'mizindayo kuchotsedwa.

zotsatira

Wamphamvu Chijojiya kunja kwa Palestina (pafupifupi theka la chonse cha anthu), limene kwa zaka zambiri kenako anazitsanulira mwa Abkhazia, awononge kuchokera mkati, mu kamphindi anasiya kudziyimira pawokha. nkhondo anabweretsa 20 chikwi. Imfa, umene uli kwambiri umenewu boma yaing'ono.

Othawa kwawo monga bizinesi

Paradoxical nkhani ali ndi othawa zaka. M'malamulo a mayiko, awa ndi anthu amene pankhondo Interstate thandizo. Awa ndi othawa Chijojiya amene anasiya Abkhazia.

Koma chithunzi zachilendo anthu onse a 240 zikwi Georgia mu Abkhazia amene anatuluka (m'mayiko osiyanasiyana) .. Koma magwero boma Zikuoneka kuti chithunzi -. 300 zikwi zinthu limamveketsa chithandizo choperekedwa kwa othawa kwawo. UN allocates $ 6 pa munthu patsiku. Ndalama afika chuma boma Georgia, amene subsidy ndi okhutira. Mwachibadwa, panali "othawa", umene bajeti afika yabwino kuchuluka. Malinga ndi magwero boma 1 miliyoni 800 zikwi. Madola patsiku thandizo UN.

Kuchokera pamenepa, ndizoonekeratu kuti udindo malamulo a Abkhazia anazindikira mwa Georgia. T. K. The UN ayenera kuthandiza othawa. Choncho zofuna chithandizo, Georgia amazindikira kuti anthu awa ndi boma lina palokha. Ndipotu UN si unkayenera kupereka thandizo la ndalama mu chochitika nkhondo m'dziko makamaka.

"5-day nkhondo." Russian Thandizo

Mkangano mkati pakati Georgia ndi Abkhazia ndi South Ossetia n'kukhala mkangano wa mayiko ndi Russia. Izo zinachitika mu August 2008. Chijojiya zida zankhondo anatsegula moto mzindawo mtendere kudziyimira pawokha, ngakhale pamaso pa iwo a magulu okhazikitsa mtendere Russian Federation pansi mbendera UN.

Zimenezi n'zimene anamuona Pulezidenti Russian D. A. Medvedevym monga chiwembuchi wa mtendere anthu Abkhazia ndi South Ossetia. Motsogozedwa ndi Constitution, malinga ndi zomwe boma amateteza nzika ndi kudziyimira pawokha anali ambiri, mtsogoleri wamkulu analamula kuti "kuteteza" wamba ndi kudzipereka kwa Mulungu kumasonyeza "Kukwanilitsa mtendere". Mu Abkhazia analowa Russian asilikali zonse.

Asilikali amene akhala apo, ine ndiri nawo ufulu ubwino kwa ophunzira nkhondo. Abkhazia ndi Georgia - ndi mabungwe akunja. Choncho amene anali kumeneko, ali udindo wa anamenyela nkhondo, osati ophunzira cha machitidwe antiterrorist, onse pa dera la Chechnya ndi Dagestan.

Mkangano Georgia ndi Abkhazia mu 2008 unatha masiku 5 a referendum pa ufulu mabwalo a. Kumene, anthu ochepa kuzindikira udindo uwu pa dziko lonse.

Dziwani kuti mkangano Georgia ndi Abkhazia mu 2008 - ndi woyamba zida nkhondo pa kaonedwe ka malamulo adziko lonse lapansi, omwe anali nawo Russian WWII.

zotsatira

Pa padziko lonse panali palokha limati awiri - Georgia ndi Abkhazia. Nkhondo, ngakhale, silinathe. mbali zonse nthawizonse kuima ufulu wawo. Tsopano Abkhazia imayendetsedwa ndi Russia, omwe sakanakhoza kuchita zimenezo 1992-1994. Kukangana, kugwiritsa ntchito njira za mgwirizano wa mayiko ndi zachuma. Koma zikuoneka kuti mtendere Caucasus pakati pa mitundu iwiri anakhazikitsa pamene mmodzi amazindikira lamanja la mitundu kukhalanso. Pambuyo pa ulamuliro wa Saakashvili, Georgia akuyesera kugwirizananso zamtendere ndi Moscow. Umwini m'madera amenewa woyikidwa zochepa. Komabe, aliyense akumvetsa izo Georgia sadzamva kuvomereza imfa ya mayiko amenewa. nkhondo ukadali osati mwake.