Kuganiza yandale yatsopano - izi ndi nzeru za mfundo yachilendo ya Soviet Union pa perestroika. Gorbachev Mihail Sergeevich

Kwa zaka zoposa makumi atatu kuchokera pa dziko lalikulu la USSR Gorbachev kutsogoleredwa. nkhani yolembedwa wake waukulu "maganizo atsopano ndale" - ichi tsopano ndi anachronism, zovuta kumvetsa achinyamata. Koma mawuwa amaona ndi anthu ambiri a Union ndi zabwino kwambiri. Anthu anali ofunitsitsa kusintha, iwo anapempha kuti M. S. Gorbachov, izo zikufanana akutsutsana ndi zina za anthu phwando. Ndipo zimene anatuluka izo, munthu amaona ndi maso ake mu moyo weniweniwo.

prehistory

Kuti timvetse chifukwa maganizo maganizo atsopano ndale akhala ndithu analandira mwa anthu, ayenera kufufuza momwe zinthu ziliri ndale pakadali pano. Mwachidule akhoza anafotokoza motere:

• dziko agawidwa m'magulu.
• chitukuko zachokera kusiyana kachitidwe awiri: capitalist ndi zokomera.
• Anthu pa dziko amati njira zosiyana mfundo zomwe ndi zachibadwa.
• Koma malo athu amamuchititsa ogwirizana otchedwa kudalirana.

Mkati dziko, anthu aona ena osankhika kusakhutira chifukwa cha kusokonekera mwachinyengo pa chuma. Boma Soviet anakakamizika kuwononga ndalama chitetezo dziko, kuthandiza kwa ogwirizana pokhapo titachitapo kwa moyo wa chitukuko cha mafakitale lolunjika pa ogula malonda. Population kaduka kuyang'ana khalidwe ndi kuchuluka kwa katundu m'mayiko a Azungu. Atsogoleri Soviet sanathe kapena sanafune nzika za bungwe ndi zochuluka.

Kuganiza yandale yatsopano - kusintha

Cholinga chake chinali motere. Mpaka cha m'ma makumi awiri, anthu zachitika m'madera chimango. Aliyense anali yake mfundo zofunikira ndi chuma. Koma chitukuko sangakhoze kuima mu malo amodzi, ndi mphamvu. Chifukwa ndi nthawi ya kusintha lonse. M. S. Gorbachov akufuna lingaliro la kutsogoza la makhalidwe a anthu ena, ndicho, kalasi, boma, dziko, ndi ena. Onse a anthu - limodzi chamoyo, chifukwa muchigawane zigawo? Popeza chakuti Kukwezeleza ubwino wa Western anali ndi ndiye lopambana Soviet anthu analandira mwansangala Mlembi Wamkulu maganizo. Anthu ankakhulupirira kuti maganizo atsopano ndale - izi ndi kutsegula kwa malire, ufulu kuyenda, umisiri watsopano ndi mankhwala anthu ntchito popanda malamulo. Ambiri akatulukire kwa lingaliro la ufulu woyankhula, kuzindikiridwa mwa lingaliro limene kudzakhala kotheka kulankhula mu njira iliyonse. chakuti mu Soviet Union nakulitsa patsogolo, mfundo zake lotha, zomwe zinali zoopsa kumudzudzula. Anthu anafuna anthu chipangizo zina, mosaganizira, izo zimatengera anthu oti ndi chuma kumanganso.

mfundo

Tikumbukenso kuti mfundo za maganizo yandale yatsopano kwathunthu anathyola maziko a dongosolo la dziko monga pamwambapa. Kachitidwe n'kutheka kuti kwenikweni kukhala regressive, osati abwino chitukuko cha anthu. Izi tsopano kukangana asayansi ndi andale. Ife kokha kufotokoza mfundo zikuluzikulu za malingaliro atsopano anali motere:

• dziko kuzindikira ogwirizana ndi modalirana kusiya gulu m'magulu awiri;
• konsekonse njira kuthetsa mavuto padziko lonse anavomereza kuti bwino zinthu (osati mphamvu, monga kale);
• Tiyenera kusiya mfundo internationalism proletarian n'kubweretsa patsogolo amatsogoza chilengedwe anthu.

Monga mukuonera, maganizo yandale yatsopano - ndi kusintha wonse amaonera dziko, osati oimira dongosolo zokomera, komanso capitalist. M'mayiko Camp, kutsogozedwa ndi Soviet Union, anatsegula mpikisano chomwecho. Pa mlingo wa kasamalidwe amachotsa kukaniza onse, zasintha mfundo za mogwirizana ndi maiko ena ndi magulu. Mwachidule, kukwaniritsa kuganiza yandale yatsopano anatsika chakuti tsopano dziko si magulu omenyanawa. Mayiko onse ayenera kumanga ubale zochokera bwino zinthu.

kukonzanso mwachidule

Gorbachev ananena lingaliro anayang'ana wokongola kwambiri ndi wokongola. M'buku lake pa nkhaniyi, iye analonjeza kuti mwa mfundo zofunika za boma la Soviet sakanati kumbuyo pansi boma. mfundo zonse chikhalidwe adzapulumuka. Koma kuti dziko akhoza kupikisana ndi anansi pa dziko muyenera kwambiri kusintha chuma. Perestroika (mwachidule) anali chakuti m'pofunika kusintha malamulo. Kuchita izi:

• kulenga chimango osiyana malamulo;
• ayambitse gulu kasamalidwe atsopano, achinyamata, mwapang'onopang'ono akatswiri;
• kumanganso dongosolo kupanga ndege.

Ndiko kuti, chuma anakonza ayenera kusintha msika. Ndipo izo zimatanthauza kuti malonda ndi chuma mgwirizano pakati pa Soviet Union sakanakhalanso patsogolo. Poyamba, chifukwa makamaka anamanga ndi maiko zokomera. Tsopano, abwenzi onse anayesedwa ofanana. Ubale ndi aliyense malamulo okha ndi zinthu mangawawo.

Kusintha mfundo

Ndithudi owerenga amadziwa kuti mu USSR panali dongosolo bwino ndi okhwima zofunika m'mbiri komanso maganizo. anthu anakulira pa mfundo zingapo, chilungamo chikhalidwe, lingaliro la kulimbana ndi dongosolo capitalist. Kuti inamangidwa chiphunzitso zakale zomwe ndi mwachisawawa anamasulira factology kubisala zithunzi osafunika akale a boma. Kuganiza yandale yatsopano Gorbachev anamasulidwa dziko ku ukapolo wa pachiyambi. Izi zinachititsa kuti rethinking zakale. Kuwala anayamba kukoka ndipo mwinamwake anadzetsa misa chikumbumtima pamaso Wobisa zinachitikadi. Ndale ndiponso chikhalidwe kanjedza asintha khalidwe lawo, panali latsopano HIV, asayansi ndale, atolankhani. dziko ali ndi chizolowezi anthu. About ake ambiri Gorbachev anati, kutsindika kuti panalibe zambiri kubisa, ife sakufuna. Komabe, osankhika zandale si onse mothandizidwa ndi malangizo a chitukuko.

kugawanika

Mu 1987, Plenum a Komiti chapakati cha CPSU ndi Gorbachev, Yeltsin anapanga. Kenako anali mlembi wa Moscow City Committee Party. Mfundo yaikulu pa mawu ake ndi pafupifupi munthu sankawadziwa bwino bwino. Party comrades anadzudzula khalidwe lake si ponseponse pa nthawi zosiyanasiyana ndi maudindo asalandidwe. Komabe, nthawi wasonyeza Yeltsin kwambiri mpaka akuthwa ndale. Pozindikira kuti dziko amakumana zodabwitsa kwambiri, analowa chipani, tsopano akunena. Ganizo maganizo yandale yatsopano nthawi kuti unagawanika mu kwakukulu (Yeltsin) ndi ndiwofatsa (Ligachev). m'misasa awiriwa sankalimbana nafe kumenyana pakati pawo kukopa pa misa. Mmenemonso, dziko analowa nthawi democratization. dongosolo A ndale zochokera hegemony chipani cha umodzi, anathyola ndi kumangidwanso. Pali magulu atsopano chikhalidwe. Koma silinakwaniritsidwe zonse dongosolo Mipikisano phwando. Ku utsogoleri wa CPSU anasiya mwalamulo. Mphamvu kunditumiza ku maboma a m'mayikowo. Mu USSR onyamula Mphamvu anapereka kuti asankhe ofuna ku mabungwe malonda, mabungwe yapachiweniweni anthu, ndi Komsomol. Kuti, anthu pang'ono ndi pang'ono m'kanyumba dongosolo zambiri kusintha Mipikisano phwando.

Kusintha mfundo yachilendo

The kukonzanso kwa dziko kwambiri ndithu logwedezeka ndi maganizo zonsezi pa dziko. Pa dzanja limodzi, ndi "kutukuka umunthu" kuwalandira pasukuluyi. Policy chatsopano abwenzi maganizo andale amaona mapeto a kukakamiza USSR lankhondo. Pambuyo kale kukambirana ndi Moscow nkhani iliyonse kwambiri kapena zochepa zofunika. mayiko a azungu analankhula za kupambana kwa demokalase, kuganizira USSR opondereza ndi m'mbuyo boma. Komano, liberalization za chuma cha dziko wathu mabungwe lonse mungagwiritsire ntchito kale sakudziwika kwa iwo. utsogoleri dziko yomwe sikusokoneza. Gorbachev ankakhulupirira moona mtima kuti zingakhale bwino kwa anthu. Ali agwira a bungweli kubwera ku dziko ndi kumanga ogwira - anali kunena pamisonkhano ndi congresses. Ukasintha anamanganso mfundo yachilendo. Kuganiza yandale yatsopano Gorbachev anakhudza woyamba zokomera dziko. Iwo ankaganiza kuti dzanja boma la Russia mosavuta ndipo anafika West.

Kutchuka kwa M. S. Gorbacheva

M'pofunika kunena mawu ochepa chifukwa cha kupambana mtsogoleri izi. Iye anaonetsa anthu kale demokalase kale lonse. Ine ndinayenda mmisewu, kuyang'ana mu masitolo, kuyankhula kwa anthu wamba. Poyamba, alembi ambiri sikudali kutero okha. Iwo anali ndi ena okhala kumwamba, mu maganizo a nzika wamba. Gorbachev si manyazi kapena manyazi kuti mumayendetsa kudutsa dziko kufotokozera anthu akamanena za maganizo atsopano ndale. Izi zilizonse ziphuphu ndi anthu onse. Sanamvetse kuti pangachitike ngozi yaikulu. Koma kapena kuzitsutsa amene akhala ankakhala "zinthu kutentha". Mu USSR, boma mbamphedza anthu kuti pogona ndi chakudya. Tiyeni si wokongola monga West, koma zambiri ndi onse.

"Zana A zosiyanasiyana soseji"

N'zosatheka kulankhula za kukonzanso ndi sakukumbukira izi nkhani yolembedwa otchuka. Iye anali olimbikira kuti umachitika lero mu zokambirana za nkhaniyi. chakuti Soviet Union kunali kovuta kwambiri ndi chakudya. Kukagula nyama, ndinadikira kwa maola ima pamzere. Ndipo Gorbachev analonjeza kuti maganizo atsopano andale adzasiya kuthandiza kukonza zinthu. Aliyense sitolo adzakhala "mitundu zana a sausages." Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, iye anali kulondola. Today mu amagulako nacho chirichonse mtima wanu akufuna. Pokhapokha ngati anthu kukhala osangalala? Ndipo ngati anthu anavomera kukonzanso, ngati anazindikira, adzapita mu izo.

A maganizo atsopano

Choopsa kwambiri (kwa wina kuona mwapang'onopang'ono) chifukwa cha kusintha anali kugwa kwa Union. Fifitini mayiko ufulu wodzilamulira. About bwanji ndiponso ngati n'kotheka, andale kuwoloka malupanga mpaka tsopano. Ena otchedwa Gorbachev wachinyengo, ena amanena kuti iye anali kulondola zana pa zana. Zimenezi zimatchedwa zipani zandale. Palibe munthu angakhoze kuletsa kuganiza ndi kulengeza. Anthu kwenikweni ndi ufulu wolankhula, pamene kutaya mphamvu, mphamvu yaikulu.

zotsatira lonse

Pa mapu a dziko lapansi, boma latsopano ndi hotspots, mwatsoka. Kufikira tsopano lino, gulu West kukhulupirira kuti kugonjetsa Soviet Union mu Cold nkhondo nkhondo pakati pa mfundo. maganizo atsopano kwachititsa chakuti dziko lonse (kuphatikizapo Korea North) wakhala capitalist. Komanso, asilikali a Soviet anali kudzipatula ku Eastern Europe. Ichi chidachitika mwamsanga, mosaganizira. Mamiliyoni nzika mwadzidzidzi opanda ndalama ndi ntchito mwayi. Kwa Ulaya la zakambidwa waukulu anali reunification la Germany, kumene Union utsogoleri anavomera popanda mitundu yonse ya zinthu. The ndondomeko yatsopano ankaganiza kuti tasiya si ndi munthu, dziko lonse ndi chimodzi. Gawo la malo andale a dziko kwachititsa chakuti gulu Kumadzulo odzipereka maiko a ku Ulaya, anayamba kugwa kwawo. Itapita loyamba la Yugoslavia, zowawa mokwiya NATO.

Pomaliza

Pa zotsatira za kukonzanso olembedwa kwambiri. Komabe, chaka zovuta ake si koma n'zotheka. Chifukwa chiwonongeko cha imodzi mwa dongosolo ndiye ndale zake za padziko lapansi pafupi imfa. Dongosolo capitalist, athana atasemphana lonse, anali untenable. Vuto la 2008 ndi poyera. Pa nthawi yomweyo sitingathe kuvomereza ena anasinthira amene anachitika. dziko padziko lonse lapansi, ndi wina. Ndipo tsopano aliyense ali ndi ufulu wosankha zimene ndi kumene moyo. Koma pamaso pa anthu ndi funso lofunika kwambiri, njira apite. Ufulu gawo la General Assembly UN anasonyeza elites zandale ndi anthu, kuti mavuto tili ofanana. Ndipo iwo ndi kuthetsa pamodzi, ngakhale kuti pali magulu amene samafuna kudzipereka kuleza otaika utsogoleri. Iwo kugwiritsa ntchito zotsatira za kukonzanso, ife tachita m'mavuto (monga mawu V. V. Putina). Izinso, okwana latsopano maganizo andale M. S. Gorbacheva. Ndipo si koma komaliza.