Gold migodi. The njira ya m'zigawo golide. Gold migodi pamanja

Gold migodi anayamba kalelo. Mu lonse mbiri ya anthu analengedwa za 168,9 zikwi matani chitsulo chabwinocho, pafupifupi 50% ya amene anakhala pa zosiyanasiyana zodzikongoletsera.. Ngati zonse zagolide ncho kusonkhanitsa pamalo amodzi, iwo akanati anapanga kyubu ndi kutalika 5-storey nyumba, amene ali m'mphepete - mamita 20.

"Golden History"

Gold - zitsulo, zimene anthu adapanga yodziwa zaka zosachepera 6500 zapitazo. Iwo ankaona chuma wamkulu opezeka Varna necropolis, limene lili mu Bulgaria, ndi mankhwala pachibwenzi 4600 BC

Gold wachita yofunika kwambiri m'mbiri yonse ya anthu, amaona ndalama phokoso. Iwo anabwera ndi kupita ndalama, koma amakhalabe chilengedwe muyezo ndi khola kwa zaka.

Kukhala zitsulo uyu wakhala nthawizonse yapamwamba. Akuti Golide si bwino kukhala yekha ankadalira pa iye, ndipo malo mmadera. Choncho ndi pa nthawi ino.

zagolide zimene zimachitika kwambiri chifukwa cha nkhondo ndi ziwawa, koma pa nthawi yomweyo zatenganso mbali yaikulu patsogolo kwa anthu onse. Pa mfundo imeneyi anayamba kutenga mawonekedwe dongosolo ndalama, analenga chikhalidwe ndi katswiri kamangidwe, ndiwo wamtengo wapatali ndipo komabe Timasangalalanso aliyense. Chifukwa chilakolako kutulutsa zitsulo asayansi ambiri mankhwala zinthu zimapezeka, ndi golide liwiro anathandiza kupeza tizidziwe m'mayiko ena.

Monga ncho golide mu Russia

Mu kutumphuka chapamwamba mapangidwe lapansi lili golide zedi kakang'ono, koma minda awa ndi malo kwambiri. Russia ali pa malo 4. mu kusanja kupanga ake ndi 7% ya gawo lonse.

Industrial njira anayamba kutulutsa golide mu 1745. The zanga choyamba linatsegulidwa wamba Erofeem Markovym, amene anauza wa kumene iye anali. Kenako anadziwika monga Berezovsky.

Today mu Russia pali 16 makampani kuti ncho chitsulo chabwinocho. mtsogoleri ndi kampani "Polyus Gold" imene ili 1/5 la cholowa cha msika okwana kupanga. Wakhama mukupanga makamaka ncho zitsulo ku Magadan, Irkutsk ndi zigawo Amur, Chukotka, Krasnoyarsk ndi Khabarovsk m'madera.

Gold migodi - ndondomeko zovuta, nthawi yambiri ndipo mtengo. Kuchepetsa awa ndi kutseka migodi wopanda pake ndi ndalama zochepa. Kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa ntchito kufufuza , ndi kumayambiriro umisiri watsopano amene amateteza likulu - ndi chinthu ogwira.

The ndondomeko ya golide kupeza

Bola ngati zaka zapita, chitsulo ndondomeko kupanga zonse kusintha. Poyamba anali wotchuka golide migodi pamanja. Anthuwa analandira golide zikomo mchenga zipangizo wopepuka achikale. thireyi alemba ntchito mtsinje mchenga, ndiyeno padagwedezeka mu madzi, mchenga kusamba, ndipo mbewu zitsulo kukhala pansi, ngati iwo ali ankawonjezereka. njira imeneyi kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa nthawi ino.

Komabe, iyi si njira kupanga yekha. Mwachitsanzo, kale pamodzi mitsinje akhoza zambiri yokha golide. Kuwaponya pa dziko ndi blurring mitsempha auriferous mwachibadwa. Komabe, mwa mazana makumi awiri ndi placers wolemera kumanzere, ndipo anaphunzira wachotsa golide miyala.

Tsopano migodi golide ankachita kawirikawiri pamanja, ndondomeko ndi makina kwathunthu, koma pa nthawi yomweyo zovuta. Amaona munda yosafuna zambiri, zomwe chimachititsa tani imodzi magalamu 3 golide. Pamene zili m'menemo ndi 10 ga ankaona wolemera.

Njira apeze a golide kuchokera ku miyala

Mpaka zaka zingapo zapitazo, nthawi zambiri ntchito njira monga kulumikizana, ozikidwa pa katundu wapadera wa Mercury uzikuta golide. Pansi pa mbiya anaikidwa Mercury, ndiye kugwedezeka golide mtundu m'menemo. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, ngakhale zing'onozing'ono zagolide particles chabe m'choonadi. Kenako, Mercury ndi wosiyana thanthwe zinyalala, ndi amphamvu Kutentha golide kuti flake kutali. Komabe, njira imeneyi ali zina zovuta, popeza Mercury yokha ndi poizoni kwambiri. Pa nthawi yomweyo likupereka golide akadali si kwathunthu, chifukwa ndi tinthu tina take tating'onoting'ono mwamtheradi zitsulo wapatali kovuta kunyowetsa.

Yachiwiri njira ndi ano - golide leached ndi cyanide sodium, chimene chingathe ngakhale particles zing'onozing'ono mtima mu madzi sungunuka cyanide pawiri. Ndipo kale kwa iwo kenako ntchito reagents ndi golide yotengedwa. Motere mukhoza kupeza chitsulo chabwinocho ngakhale m'minda kale anasiya, zomwe zimawachititsa yopindulitsa kachiwiri.

Kufika panyumba golide

Gold migodi n'zotheka pamanja ndi kunyumba. Pofuna kuchotsa izo, sayenera kupita ku migodi, ndipo mawola kugwedeza trays. Pali njira zambiri mtendere ndi kutukuka. Mozungulira kwambiri zinthu zimene zimakhala ndi golide. Mwachitsanzo, zaka ulonda Soviet m'makola mwawo awo chikasu ali weniweni koyera wapatali zitsulo popanda zosafunika.

Pofuna kupeza iye kuchokera kumeneko, inu muyenera kugula wotchi ngati lalikulu zedi kwambiri. Ufunikira ndowa pulasitiki ndipo beseni masamba magetsi lumo, kutentha zosagwira mphika galasi, burashi ndi nsalu × / thonje zosefera, magolovesi ndi vlagoraspylitel. Mankhwala ayenera nitric ndi hydrochloric acid.

Processing limayamba pamene mukhala kale milandu 300. ndondomeko amatenga maola 4 yekha, pamene mumathera malita 4 acid. Kuchokera pa nyumba zochuluka mukhoza kupeza magalamu 75 zagolide woyenga bwino.

Kupeza golide ntchito etching njira

Angamvetse izi ndani, koma, ngakhale ana, tsiku ndi tsiku ndi m'matumba ndi matumba a golide. Ndi yosavuta - lililonse SIM khadi foni lili angapo zitsulo zamtengo wapatali. Iwo akhoza kuchotsedwa apo. Izi zachitika m'njira ziwiri: mwa electrolysis, kapena etching. Cha mtsogolo muyenera mankhwala reagent "Aqua regia".

Njira yosavuta imatengedwa etching, imene golide analandira chifukwa cha inertness mankhwala chitsulo chabwinocho - ndicho, umatha kuchita ndi zinthu zina. Pakuti etching amafuna oxidizer "Aqua regia", womwe wapangidwa kwa zidulo moyikirapo: hydrochloric, ndi nitric. The madzi ali ndi mtundu lalanje-chikasu.

Gold kwa madzi

Gold migodi n'zotheka ndi kutuluka m'madzi. Iwo ali mmenemo, ndipo aliyense: zimbudzi, m'madzi, madzi, koma zedi ochepa. Mwachitsanzo, mu m'madzi lilili mu chiwerengero cha mg wa 4 pa tonne. Ngakhale izi, wachotsa iwo akadali zotheka mothandizidwa ndi laimu mwamsanga, amene yekha zimatenga tani kuti 4.5 zikwi matani madzi..

Pofuna kupeza golide kwa madzi nyanja muyenera kusakaniza ndi mkaka wa laimu. Patapita nthawi madzi kukhala imabwereranso m'nyanja, ndi kale ku chitayiko kuti wachotsa chitsulo chabwinocho. Akatswiri Kirov kupereka m'njira ina zinyalala ufulu umene laimu ali m'malo ndi phulusa la zomera matenthedwe mphamvu. Njira imeneyi akuti ndi okwera mtengo m'pang'ono kudziwika.

mabakiteriya Golden

Mu Canada, asayansi ambiri anapeza tizilombo kuti akhoza kumasuka golide njira zosiyanasiyana. Amazing, sichoncho? Mwachitsanzo, bakiteriya ali Delftia acidovorans mankhwala omwe chabe allocates zitsulo zamtengo wapatali zochokera kwa njira. Ndipo chifukwa chake n'chapafupi - mwachidule kumuteteza kuteteza okha ku ayoni golide, amene ali poizoni iye. The chachiwiri bakiteriya Cupriavidus metallidurans, Tikawonetsetsa masitolo mkati yokha.

Onse anapezeka mu 2006 mu "golide" changa. Kafukufuku wasonyeza Canada kuti mabakiteriya kudziunjikira golide, poizoni zikhoza kupewedwa chifukwa chikhalidwe cha mbewu ya.

Draghi

Gold migodi ikuchitika ndi thandizo la Drago. Iwo amati ndi makina migodi, amene dredging, mchere processing ndi zipangizo zina akuyandama, kupereka mechanization mwatsatanetsatane za ndondomeko kupanga. Iwo alemere mchere ndi zinyalala thanthwe kuchotsedwa.

Cholinga Drahov - anasefukira kukhala madipoziti mchere ndi kuchotsa zigawo wapatali (golide, pulatinamu, tini, etc.) Ntchito makamaka pa alluvial, talus, glubinno- ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja m'dambo m'madzi komanso madipoziti alluvial. The kuchotserapo yekha ndi Valunistoye, zovuta thanthwe ndi dongo yomata.

mitundu Drahov

Draghi alipo magulu awiri.

1. M'madzi, imene madipoziti amakonzedwa migodi nyanja komanso kwambiri nyanja ndi nyanja. Iwo wokwera pa muyezo towed kapena ziwiya kudziletsa injini, yomwe ntchito kukachita namondwe.
2. Ngelezi, amene ntchito ya chitukuko cha madipoziti dziko lonselo. Wokwera pa pram lapansi.

Draghi m'magulu malinga:

• m'maganizo mphamvu, amene ntchito ndi actuators ya;
• M'kati kwambiri miyala mu gawo ili m'munsiyi madzi;
• akale makina (kwambiri zidebe ndi unyolo wosweka ndi unyolo mosalekeza, makina zovuta, zingwe ndowa, katengedwe ndowa);
• mphamvu ndowa ya (large-, medium- ndi ang'ono-kusamutsidwa);
• Akuyendetsa njira (chingwe-nangula ndi chingwe-mulu).

Pa gawo la Chitaganya cha Russia ntchito tsopano dredge kupanga golide, makamaka chikuchitika mu Far East Federal District. Komabe, kupanga ngati njira akhoza kukhala kungasokoneze topezeka kuwononga malo mitsinje kwambiri wowonongeka dera limene lili pambuyo pake.

Choncho, njira imeneyi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mwambo mosamala mwa ntchito za chitukuko. Awo kukhazikitsa Pakufunika dziko reclamation, omwe anagwiriridwa ndi migodi, komanso reforestation, nthaka ndi zomera m'zigwa mtsinje.

Kodi kupanga dredge golide nokha

Anthuwa ambiri, golide wanga, kodi ndi dredge yake, pamene kwambiri kupulumutsa pa mtengo ngati mtengo zida izi ndi mkulu. Pankhaniyi, chophweka njira kuchita ndi manja ake. Ngakhale kuti zipangizo adzakhala anagula wotchipa kwambiri, mukufunabe kuti akonze kuchuluka dredge.

Poyamba, muyenera kupanga mndandanda ndi zithunzi msonkhano uno angathe kumwedwa chitsanzo cha dredge wotchuka kupanga golide pa mphindi. Mfundo gawo loyamba - phunziro, mudzazindikira zoti bwino, ndi kuchita bwino kuposa awo.

Ena mfundo angapezeke pa dambo wamba, ndi kugula iwo kwa pafupi kanthu monga injini kwa makina. Kenako muyenera kudziwa kukula kwa dredge, ndi zazikulu ndi - wamkulu kuchuluka kwa nthaka angathe kuchizidwa, koma thupi lake ndi ndalama kudzakhala kuposa wa ang'ono mankhwala anasonkhana.

M'pofunika kumanga payipi ndi awiri a masentimita 12, kuti athe kulimbana ndi dredge nokha. Kukula kwambiri mulingo woyenera - ndi 10 cm Ngati mukufuna mpweya wothinikizidwa, m'pofunika kugula mpweya kompresa, zida pamadzi ndi thanki mpweya polowera .. Komabe, izi si kufunikira choyamba, izo zikhoza kuchitidwa kale ndiye.

Kuti amange zida ankafunila, adzafuna: injini ndi mpope, zosiyanasiyana zipangizo (hacksaw nyundo, wrench, screwdriver). Zilibe kuwawa kugula owotcherera. Mugule mbali / ntchito, koma ena kwambiri ndi vuto kapena trudnozamenimye, ndi bwino kugula latsopano mu sitolo.

Ena tsatanetsatane wa dredge zambiri n'zosatheka kuti ndi manja awo, iwo ndi kugula yemweyo onse: injini, mpope madzi, mpweya kompresa, payipi, rudopromyvochny chute. Wotsiriza uyo ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri, popanda golide basi si linalandidwa, motero, yomanga lonse la zida amakhala odalirika.

Bell dredge ayenera kukhazikitsidwa logwirana mutu kuti kwenikweni mitsinje ya madzi ndi nthaka izo. The suction vavu mu mpope amatenga madzi (ichi mmodzi wa ziwalo zofunika). Ngati chosakanikirana ndi mchenga, mpope mwamsanga kuphwanyaphwanya, choncho n'zosatheka dredge popanda valavu.

Hayidiroliki pamalo ili kumapeto kwa payipi, madzi umaperekedwa ku chiyambi ndi kulenga kuyamwa. Ndi bwino ntchito suction nozzle. Control pa dredges lalikulu pamalo kovuta, kotero ntchito makamaka amapita ku makina ang'onoang'ono, ngati ntchitoyo chikuchitika mu madzi osaya.

The buoyancy chipangizo - gawo osiyana dredge lapansi. Onetsetsani kuti n'zotheka mu njira zingapo. Poyamba ntchito matayala kwa magalimoto, kulemera pang'ono ndi wotchipa. The drawback yekha ndi kuti iwo si kophweka ngati mmene zilili panopo. Komabe, kungakhale njira yabwino.

Tsopano, opanga ambiri ntchito dredges pontoons anapangidwa pulasitiki. Iwo amakhala odalirika kwambiri, komanso lolemera. Komabe, ngakhale pano pali zambiri zimene mungachite. Ena dredges, amene anasonkhana kunyumba, osiyanasiyana pontoons pulasitiki. Mmodzi chidwi njira - pamene ntchito makontena a pulasitiki kapena mbiya, mphamvu zomwe mpaka malita 40. Mugule iwo zamalata kwambiri. Ngati sitisamala amacheza ndalama zambiri, koma okonzeka kukagula, ndiye mosavuta kugula kwa Mlengi.

mfundo ina yofunika imene imayambukira buoyancy, chimango ndi imatengedwa. Kuti Ufumuyo injini ndi rudopromyvochny chute. Ngati inu mungachite izo nokha, inu mukhoza kutenga ndalama yosavuta zotayidwa kuti ndi osavuta kupeza pa akhala akutayirapo dothi iliyonse. Mtengo ndi yotchipa, pafupifupi khama chofunika. Ngati inu kutenga chimango mosabisa, ndiye basi wokwera tayala pa galimoto.

Cheke dredge ntchito kungakhale pambuyo msonkhano yake. Kuchita izi zimachitika awiri dazeni tating'ono ting'ono patsogolo, amene limagwirizana ndi utoto mitundu yowala. Dziwe ndi anaimba pansi, ndipo iwo anayikidwa kumeneko. Ndizo basi pa izo ndipo mukhoza kuyesa dredge. Onani mmene yambiri kutsogolera anali kumbuyo pambuyo kutsuka thanthwe. Ntchito yachibadwa Zimatheka dredge zomvetsa zidutswa 2. Ngati mtovu sikokwanira, muyenera kachiwiri aletse khamu lonse la chiwembu ndipo ngati n'koyenera, achite patsogolo zina.

Mapulani kupanga golide m'tsogolo

Ochepa limakhala madipoziti zagolide, kutsegula tsopano makamaka South Africa, pamene ena kwambiri zatha, ndi madipoziti ndi okhutira otsika ndi sing'anga wa zitsulo wapatali kukhala chabe opanda pake.

Akatswiri ukuonetsa kuti chuma mchere monga golide, kudzakhala kotheka kukhala kwambiri zaka 50. Kenako yatha. Basi chifukwa anthu masiku ano ali kwambiri golide migodi. Ndipo amakhala mu chikhalidwe ndi kuchepa. Tsopano tili kupeza mwayi kupanga zitsulo kwa zaka kudza. The njira kwambiri zingamuthandize imatengedwa luso golide leaching.

M'zaka zaposachedwapa, ambiri a nkhani za chitukuko cha nyanja ngati koma njira ina migodi golide. Zikawonongeka placer madipoziti zambiri, koma pansi akadali osati kwenikweni. N'zotheka kuti nyanja wabisika ambiri madipoziti wapatali zitsulo. ana athu kupeza kunja.