Gypsum binder: makhalidwe, katundu, kupanga ndi ntchito

Yomanga ndi zipangizo zina zopangidwa gypsum ntchito zamanja zosiyanasiyana za chuma. Zakhala n'zosadabwitsa. Koma anthu ochepa kuganizira zimene zili ndi gypsum binder, amene akutumikira monga zopangira ndipo ngati izo zifika kwa iye. Koma kwa kupanga zipangizo zomangamanga (pulasitala, mortars zomangamanga, pulasitala mapepala) ndi mbali zina choyamba tiyenera kukonzekera zopangira. Chifukwa makhalidwe a zinthu yomalizidwa zimadalira kwambiri pa khalidwe la zipangizo zopangira ntchito.

Lingaliro ndi kapangidwe

The binder zakuthupi gypsum ndi mpweya, chomwe kwakukulukulu wa gypsum dihydrate. Zikuchokera gypsum zachilengedwe komanso amathandizana anhydride ndi zinyalala osiyana mafakitale, monga sulfurous calcium.

gulu ili mulinso nkhani limapereka. Mu dongosolo lawo - pulasitala wa Paris, laimu, kuphulika ng'anjo slag simenti.

The zopangira kupanga ndi miyala munali sulfates. GOST anatsimikiza kuti zotsimikizira gypsum binder zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito gypsum (zomwe akukumana zofunikira kuti ntchito izo GOST 4013) kapena phosphogypsum monga ofanana amafuna zolimbana.

Kaperekedwe binders gypsum

Gypsum njira ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kufikira solidification yake. Inu simungakhoze kusonkhezera pambuyo ndondomeko crystallization wayamba kale. Yogwira amachititsa chiwonongeko cha utangoyamba mgwirizano timibulu chimango. Chifukwa cha ichi, yankho lokwana mphamvu yake kumanga.

Pulasitala mankhwala si madzi. Koma anthu opanga zakuthupi tinapeza zimenezi. Asayansi anatsimikiza kuti zosiyanasiyana zina gypsum binders kulola kuonjezera chithunzi ichi. Choncho, zikuchokera chuma anawonjezera zipangizo zosiyanasiyana: laimu, pansi kuphulika ng'anjo slag, resins urea, organic zamadzimadzi monga pakachitsulo.

Kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo gypsum sikutanthauza ntchito excipients zina. Iwo chosafooka, pa ankachitira pamwamba ming'alu kuoneka. Gypsum binders M'malo mwake, kuchuluka M'BUKU pambuyo akuchiritsa wathunthu. Nthawi zina, kuwonjezera nkhuni tchipisi, moto, pumice, kukodzedwa dongo ndi zipangizo zina.

China - zipangizo gypsum imathandizira dzimbiri zitsulo akakhala (misomali, mavavu, mawaya ndi zina zotero). ndondomeko izi zimachitika ngakhale mofulumira mu zinthu yonyowa.

Astringent gypsum msanga kuyamwa chinyontho ndi kutaya ntchito yawo. Choncho, pa yosungirako ndi mayendedwe ndikofunikira kusunga malamulo. Zofunika akhoza kusungidwa mu malo ouma. Ngakhale ndi ulemu kwa lamulo limeneli, patatha miyezi itatu ya nkhani yosungirako adzataya za makumi atatu peresenti ya ntchito zake. Yonyamula zinthu zambiri nthawi imodzi kapena ankanyamula mu muli. Nkofunika kuteteza ku fumbi ndi chinyezi.

kupanga

Pakuti ndondomeko imeneyi ayenera kuchita njira zotsatirazi:

• onongani zachilengedwe gypsum chuma;
• zopangira choumitsira;
• zotsatira za kutentha.

Gypsum zimalowa hopper, kumene akulowa crusher. Pali ake onongani mu zidutswa, kukula kwa zomwe si upambana masentimita anayi. Pambuyo onongani zinthu pa pamalo amapita ku chakudya nkhokwe. Kuchokera kumeneko umapita ku mbali wofanana komweko. Pamenepo zouma ndi wolapa kuti kachigawo kakang'ono. Atayanika panthawi imeneyi chofunika kuti imathandizira ndi atsogolere ndondomeko onongani nkhaniyo.

The ufa mphero ndi usavutike digiri nainte. Mu chikhalidwe ichi, chimadzera mu kukatentha gipsovarochny. Apa ndi pamene madzi kumasulidwa ku nkhani za ndondomeko ndi mfuti. ndondomeko limayamba ndi kutentha otsika (za makumi asanu ndi atatu madigiri). Koma madzi kuchokera chuma ndi bwino kupita mu osiyanasiyana kutentha kwa mazana khumi limodzi digiri zana ndi makumi asanu ndi atatu.

Dongosolo lonse la mankhwala kutentha lagawidwa magawo awiri. Choyamba, maola atatu chuma anakhalabe mu digester lapansi. Pali madzi kuchotsedwa ndi gypsum dihydrate ali n'kukhala hemihydrate. nthawi yonseyi, pulasitala anali oyambitsa kwa yunifolomu magetsi. Kumapeto kwa nthawi yake, thunthu ali mu mkhalidwe otentha imatumizidwa otchedwa bunker kukhumba. Iye salinso usavutike. Koma chifukwa cha kutentha kwa thunthu pali madzi m'thupi ndondomeko. Pamafunika za Mphindi forte. Pambuyo pake, zipangizo kumanga amaonedwa kukhala okonzeka. Ndipo iwo wotumidwa kwa nyumba yosungiramo katundu wa malonda itatha.

zakuthupi oipa

Kuwuma amapezeka gypsum binders pamene wothira madzi ufa. Izi ndipamene misa pulasitiki yomwe ikamauma mu maminiti pang'ono. Kuyambira mankhwala amazionera, pali ndondomeko osiyanitsidwa ndi zimene zimachitika mu ndondomeko kupanga. Iwo okha zimachitika kwambiri mofulumira. Kuti ndi hemihydrate gypsum anawonjezera madzi kupanga gypsum dihydrate mankhwala. Zimenezi lonse akhoza kugawidwa mu magawo atatu.

M'nthawi siteji hemihydrate gypsum dissolves m'madzi kupanga njira zimalimbikitsa wa dihydrate gypsum. Dihydrate ali mkulu solubility index. Chifukwa izi mofulumira ndi machulukitsidwe wa ndondomeko njira. Chifukwa - mpweya, ndilo dihydrate. particles izi woterowu kukakamirana pamodzi, pakutero kuyambitsa ndondomeko kolowera.

Chotsatira - crystallization. makhiristo okha kukula zinthu kuyamba kugwirizana ndi kupanga mafupa amphamvu. Monga kuyanika (kuchotsa chinyezi) pakati makhiristo kwambiri.

Kusintha kolowera liwiro

kuchiritsa ndondomeko akhoza inapita patsogolo kapena, Tikawonetsetsa yobwerera akamavutika. Kodi izi ndi zina zomwe anadzetsa binders gypsum.

Mitundu zina kuti imathandizira pa ndondomeko akuchiritsa:

• zinthu zomwe kuwonjezera solubility wa hemihydrate ndi sodium wochuluka sulphate kapena mchere potaziyamu ndi monga;

• mankhwala kuti adzakhala malo zimene crystallization: salt asidi phosphoric chisoni zachilengedwe gypsum ndi zina zotero.

Nthawi zambiri ntchito wosweka gypsum. particles ake zimakhala malo crystallization padziko umene kukula mu galasi m'tsogolo. Iwo yodziwika ndi wamkulu Mwachangu "sekondale" gypsum. Zimatanthauza pulasitala, lomwe kale kudutsa pokhazikitsa ndi kuumitsa kashiamu sulphide. Chotero maganizo akhoza zimachitika mankhwala wosweka ndi ya mnofu.

M'mbuyo ndondomeko wakhala popanga mfundo zotsatirazi:

• kuwonjezeka plasticity mayeso: nkhuni zomatira yothetsera mu madzi, coniferous kulowetsedwa, laimu, zomatira emulsion, LST ndi zina zotero;

• Iwo kumathandiza kukula galasi filimu yomwe aumbike pa mbewu mchikakamizo cha hemihydrate gypsum zinthu monga borax, amoniya, keratin retarder, phosphates ndi borates zitsulo soda, mowa Lilac, ndi ena.

Tikumbukenso kuti ndondomeko ya mofulumira kumayambiriro zina limakhudza anthu mphamvu ya gypsum. Choncho, iwo ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosamala, ndipo kuwonjezera zochepa.

Atakhala nthawi (akuchiritsa) kumadalira luso la zipangizo, nthawi ndi kusunga zinthu, kutentha pa zimene zinthu mogwirizana ndondomeko ndi madzi, ndipo ngakhale nthawi zophatikiza njira.

Kwambiri nthawi yochepa kolowera kawirikawiri kugwirizana ndi kukhalapo mu nkhani particles dihydrate amene anatsalira kumeneko pambuyo kuwombera. Atakhala nthawi kuwonjezera ngati nkhani gypsum ndi kutenthetsa kwa pafupi makumi asanu madigiri. Ngati kutentha zakuthupi kuonjezera kwambiri ndondomeko M'malo mwake, m'mbuyo. Yaitali yogwira gypsum osakaniza adzakhala imathandizira pa ndondomeko kolowera.

Kusiyana pakati pa chiphunzitso ndi machitidwe

Mbali A za ndondomeko yochiritsa ndi gypsum, mosiyana binders ena pa ukuwonjezeka solidification mu buku (peresenti wina). Chifukwa hydration izi hemihydrate zinthu ndiyenera kukhala pa kanayi kwambiri madzi kuposa ayenera kukhala chiphunzitso. Chiphunzitso cha madzi chofunika pafupifupi 18,6% mwa kulemera kwa zinthu. Zochita madzi anatengedwa kupeza yankho la kachulukidwe wabwinobwino wa peresenti makumi asanu ndi awiri. Kudziwa kufunika madzi zakuthupi Mzimuyo voliyumu ya madzi peresenti ndi kulemera kwa zinthu kuwonjezera kupeza yankho la kachulukidwe yachibadwa (pellet awiri 180 + 5 mm).

Kusiyana kwina lagona pa zochitika kuti mukamafinya madzi owonjezera pa kuyanika ndondomeko mu pores chuma anapanga. Chifukwa, gypsum watha mphamvu. Kuthetsa izi mfundo imeneyi kuyanika. mankhwala pulasitala auma pa kutentha osati choposa madigiri makumi asanu ndi awiri. Ngati zina kuonjezera kutentha kuyamba zimene wothandizila madzi m'thupi.

Mmene kutentha pa chinthu analandira

Kulumikiza pulasitala gypsum pansi pa kutentha. Malinga kufunika kutentha zimenezi, gypsum zinthu zingakhale mitundu iwiri:

• Nizkoobzhigovye amene kupanga zopangira kukonzedwa mchikakamizo cha kutentha kwa makumi awiri zana digiri zana makumi asanu ndi atatu. The zopangira Pankhaniyi zambiri pulasitala wa Paris. Chachikulu kusiyana kwa nkhaniyi ndi mkulu solidification liwiro.

• Vysokoobzhigovye (anhydrite) amene anapanga chifukwa cha kutentha (oposa mazana awiri madigiri). Ikamauma zinthu yaitali. Pakumva kupeza nthawi zambiri.

Aliyense wa magulu awa, nayenso ali zingapo zosiyanasiyana m'gulu izo.

mitundu Nizkoobzhigovyh wa kuluka

Gypsum binder mu gulu ndi monga zipangizo zotsatirazi:

• Kumanga pulasitala. Pakuti pangafunike kusankha zipangizo bwino yaiwisi. Yopanga gypsum ntchito yomanga ndi chovomerezeka ntchito monga zipangizo za wachisanu kalasi binder ndi pamwamba umene zotsalira pa sieve si maperesenti oposa khumi. Kupanga mankhwala nyumba yabwino binder, kunena mtundu kuchokera wachiwiri kwa chiwiri, mosasamala kanthu za nthawi kolowera ndi digiri ya comminution. zinthu zokongoletsera yopangidwa ndi zisulo za mtundu womwewo. Kupatulapo zinthu chakudya ndi pang'onopang'ono anapereka. Gypsum plasters anapangidwa kuchokera zinthu 2-25 zizindikiro kupatula binder ndi umapezeka coarse ndipo mwamsanga-kolowera.

• Mkulu gypsum akhoza yodziwika ndi mmodzi wa sukulu zingapo (ndi akalozera a 200 mpaka 500). Mphamvu ya nkhaniyi ndi za 15-25 MPa, amene ali apamwamba kwambiri kuposa mitundu ina.

• Kuumba pulasitala kwambiri mowa madzi ndi mkulu kwake mu boma anawachiritsa. Analandira therefrom pulasitala mankhwala: nkhungu ceramic, zinthu whiteware ndi zina zotero.

zipangizo anhydrite

mtundu Izi nayenso, ndipamene zinthu ziwiri:

• anhydrite simenti, analandira pa processing kutentha kwa madigiri mazana asanu;

• Oestrich-gypsum anapanga muulamuliro pa kashiamu sulphate kutentha kuposa madigiri 900.

anhydrite gypsum zikuchokera limapangidwa kuchokera pa awiri mpaka asanu laimu osakaniza sulphate vitriol (mkuwa kapena chitsulo), peresenti wina, atatu mpaka eyiti peresenti dolomite, khumi peresenti khumi wa slag kuphulika ng'anjo.

Anhydrite simenti amakhala ndi kumvetsa pang'onopang'ono (kwa mphindi makumi atatu kuti tsiku lina). Modalira mphamvu kuti lagawidwa ndi sukulu zotsatirazi: M50, M100, M 150, M200. Simenti a mtundu amagwiritsidwa ntchito yomanga. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito:

• zotsimikizira zomatira, pulasitala, kapena zomangamanga matope;

• kupanga konkire;

• kupanga zinthu zokongoletsera;

• kupanga zipangizo matenthedwe zokutira zitsulo.

Oestrich-gypsum ali ndi makhalidwe awa:

1. Pang'onopang'ono kumvetsa.
2. Mphamvu megapascals makumi awiri.
3. Low teploprvodnostyu.
4. Good phokoso kutchinjiriza.
5. Kugonjetsedwa ndi chinyezi.
6. Frost kukana.
7. A digiri ka mapindikidwe.

Ichi ndi zazikulu, koma ayi ubwino onse wogwidwa Oestrich-gypsum. ntchito zake zochokera zolozerazi. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makoma pulasitala, ulimi wa nsangalabwi yokumba pomanga pansi zithunzi, ndi zina zotero.

Kudulidwa kwa binder pa mitundu ya

The katundu wa binders gypsum kulola ndikuzigawa m'magulu osiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chaichi, classifications angapo.

Gulu lotsatirali kusiyana ndi atakhala nthawi:

• Gulu "A". Amakhala binders, amene mofulumira anamvetsa. Pamafunika kwa mphindi ziwiri kwa khumi.

• "B" gulu. Cementing zipangizo, gulu anamvetsetsa pa mphindi zisanu kuti makumi atatu. Iwo amatchedwa bwinobwino wamvetsetsa zinthu.

• Gulu "B", womwenso pang'onopang'ono atakhala binders. Pa za malo amene ayenera kukhala yaitali kuposa mphindi makumi awiri. Malire chapamwamba si yovomerezeka.

Fineness anatsimikiza kukhalabe tinthu sieve. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti pa sieve ndi kukula mauna a 0.2 mamilimita nthawi zonse gypsum binders. Standard n'chakuti magulu otsatirawa:

• Coarse akupera, kapena gulu loyamba limasonyeza kuti sieve mpaka peresenti makumi awiri ndi zitatu za nkhaniyo.

• Sing'anga nthaka (gulu wachiwiri), ngati sieve si maperesenti oposa khumi ndi anai a binder lapansi.

• Chabwino umapezeka (gulu lachitatu) zikusonyeza kuti yotsala ya mankhwala chophimba Kodi musalumphe awiri pa zana.

Mabukuwa anayesedwa kwa mphamvu flexural ndi psinjika. Kuti tichite zimenezi, yankho pulasitala linakonzedwa ndi mipiringidzo 40 × 40 × 160 millimeters. maora awiri kupanga pamene njira ya crystallization ndi hydration ndi anamaliza, ayamba mayeso. Gypsum binders (GOST 125-79) mphamvu anawagawa sukulu khumi. Ali zolozera awiri mpaka twente-faifi. Mtengo wa kulimba kwamakokedwe, malingana sukulu apadera pamodzi tebulo. Iwo Tingaone ngakhale alendo.

magawo Basic ndi mitundu ya zinthu angapezeke pa chizindikiro chake. Izo zikuwoneka ngati izi: G-6 A-11. uthenga uwu adzasonyeza zotsatirazi:

• T- gypsum binder.
• 6 - sitampu chuma (kutanthauza kuti mphamvu megapascals zoposa zisanu).
• A - Mzimuyo mtundu wa atakhala nthawi (ie kudya akuchiritsa).
• 11 - limasonyeza mlingo wa akupera (mu nkhani iyi pakati).

Mbali gypsum zinthu

Technology gypsum binders kulola kupeza zipangizo oyenera ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Ambiri ntchito gypsum mu nyumbayi. mmene ntchito yake poyerekeza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito simenti. Gypsum binder angapo ubwino pa simenti chomwecho. Mwachitsanzo, popanga zimatenga zochepa mafuta ndi pafupifupi kanayi. Ndi ukhondo, kugonjetsedwa ndi moto, ali ndi porosity mu osiyanasiyana peresenti, otsika kachulukidwe makumi atatu ndi makumi asanu (mpaka makilogalamu mazana khumi ndi asanu pa mita kiyubiki). Izi maonekedwe komanso zinachititsa kuti ntchito m'dera zakuthupi.

Kupaka pulasitala gypsum chimagwiritsidwa ntchito. tanthauzo lake sikudalira sukulu zakuthupi. Gwiritsani binder ndi particles chabwino ndi sing'anga pansi, wolunga ndi kumvetsa. Gypsum anawonjezera kuti pulasitala ya laimu ndi mchenga. Izi bwino mphamvu ya njira pambuyo kuyanika. A wosanjikiza pulasitala padziko amakhala osalala ndi kuwala, oyenera kumalizitsa zina.

Pulasitala mankhwala zokhudza zizindikiro kwa G-2 G-7, ntchito popanga mapanelo kugawa, mapepala, otchedwa plasterboard ndi mankhwala ena gypsum konkire. Iwo anawonjezera kuti njira kubala formulations pakuti nyumba.

Ziwiya zadothi, zadothi ndi faience katundu ndi mbali anapanga ndi Kuwonjezera wa gypsum binder zokhudzana ndi zochotsedwa ku G-5 G-25. The binder ayenera wachinsinsi amati kolowera ndi kuchokera ku zipangizo zabwino.

Gypsum binder ntchito kuti akonze njira, amene ntchito caulking mawindo, zitseko, partitions. Chifukwa chaichi, oyenera m'munsi kalasi zakuthupi.

Monga mmene taonera, gypsum makhalidwe binder kulola kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo zolinga zosiyana ndi m'madera osiyana. Ndi cholimba, ozizira zosagwira, ukhondo, Eco-wochezeka zinthu zosagwira moto. tingachidziwe khalidwe ofunitsitsa ndi umembala mu gulu linalake zipangizo pa maziko makamaka.