Hieroglyphs Iguputo. hieroglyphs Aigupto ndi tanthauzo lake. Ancient hieroglyphs Igupto

hieroglyphs Aigupto, zithunzi zomwe apatsidwa pansipa, ndinu mmodzi wa kulemba machitidwe ntchito pafupifupi 3.5 zikwi zapitazo. Mu Egypt icho chinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito kumapeto kwa 4. ndi zaka 3 BC. e. dongosolo Chili zinthu za phonetic, syllabic ndi masitaelo ideographic. Ku Egypt hieroglyphs zithunzithunzi kwabasi, lowonjezera ndi zizindikiro phonetic. Monga ulamuliro, iwo tadulidwa pa miyala. Komabe, pa amtunduwu, ndi pa sarcophagi matabwa akhoza kupeza hieroglyphs Iguputo. Zithunzi amene ntchito kuti adziwe, anali ofanana ndi zinthu zimene iwo anasankha. Izi facilitates kwambiri kumvetsetsa zinthu zolembedwa. Komanso m'nkhani ino ife angakuuzeni zimene ankatanthauza izi kapena kuti khalidwe.

Chinsinsi cha maonekedwe a Zizindikiro

Mbiri ya yatsoka a dongosolo amapita kwambiri zakale. Kwa nthawi yaitali kwambiri, mmodzi wa zipilala amakezana lolembapo Igupto anali Narmer phale. Iye akhapidziwa kuti zizindikiro ake oyambirira Buku. Komabe, akatswiri German mu 1998 anapeza pa ntchito yomanga miyala mazana atatu dongo. Buku protoieroglify. Zizindikiro pachibwenzi 33 m'ma TH BC. e. Akukhulupirira kuti mawu oyambirira kwambiri analembedwa pa chisindikizo cha Mafumu Wachiwiri m'manda pa Abydos Farao Seti, Seti-Peribsen. Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti poyamba monga zizindikiro ntchito zithunzi za zinthu ndi zamoyo. Koma dongosolo anali yovuta kwambiri chifukwa chakuti inafuna zinthu zina luso. Pa nkhani imeneyi, patapita kanthawi zithunzi anali wosalira madera zofunika. Choncho panali kulemba hieratic. dongosolo ntchito makamaka ansembe. Iwo amachita zolemba m'manda ndi akachisi. M'chinenero (national) dongosolo, amene anaonekera kenako, anali mosavuta. Mpheroyi mabwalo, arcs, dashes. Komabe, kuzindikira zilembo choyambirira kalatayi zidabweretsa mabvuto.

Kuwonjezera zizindikiro

Poyamba, hieroglyphs Igupto anali zithunzi. Ndiko kuti, mawu anaonekera mu mawonekedwe a zithunzi zithunzi. Enanso anakhazikitsa tanthauzo (ideographic) kalata. Mothandizidwa ndi ideograms sakanatha kulemba ena mfundo chabe. Mwachitsanzo, zingatanthauze mapiri fano monga gawo la mpumulo, ndipo phiri, dziko lina. chithunzi dzuwa amatanthauza "tsiku" chifukwa Kukuwala masana okha. Kenako mu chitukuko cha lonse la Iguputo kulemba dongosolo ideograms anachita mbali yofunika kwambiri. Chinachake kenako, anayamba kuoneka ndi zizindikiro phokoso. Mu dongosolo ili, kwambiri linaperekedwa osati tanthauzo la mawu monga tanthauzo lake phokoso. Ndi angati otchulidwa ku Iguputo? Mu Chipangano, ndi Middle ndi Old Ufumu zizindikiro anali pafupi 800. Mu nthawi Agiriki ndi Aroma panali oposa 6,000.

Gawo

systematizing vuto akhala sanathetsedwe lero. Uollis Badzh (English philologist ndi Egyptologist) anali mmodzi wa asayansi oyambirira, omwe kusunga ndi hieroglyphs Iguputo. Gawo anali ochokera zizindikiro kunja zizindikiro. Pambuyo pake, mu 1927, mndandanda latsopano linapangidwa Gardiner. "Igupto Galamala" wake munali gulu la zizindikiro pa kukhudzana. Koma pa mndandanda wa zizindikiro anali m'magulu kuti amalembedwa makalata Latin. Mu magulu a zizindikiro za manambala akuyambira apatsidwa. Pa nthawi lopangidwa Gardiner gulu ankaona wamba. Nawonso achichepere limayenda ndi Kuwonjezera otchulidwa atsopano mu gulu lina la iwo. Ambiri lotseguka Zizindikiro kenako anatumizidwa mfundo zenizeni anawonjezera pambuyo manambala.

The codification latsopano

Pamodzi ndi patsogolo pa mndandanda, wasenza pamaziko a gulu la Gardiner, ofufuza ena anayamba amanena za yogawa pachithunzichi a anthu a magulu. Mu zaka 80, atamasulidwa zinayi buku m'ndandanda wa chikhalidwe, anapambulwa pa tanthauzo. qualifier lino nthawi ndinayamba kupendanso. Chifukwa ndi galamala lolembedwa ndi Kurt mu 2007-2008. Iye anasintha kutiganizitsa anayi Gardiner ndipo anayambitsa magawano latsopano m'magulu. ntchito izi, ndithudi, ndi nkhani kwambiri ndi zothandiza kumasulira ntchito. Koma ofufuza ena kukayikira ngati codification latsopano anazolowera mu Egyptology, popeza ali zolakwa zake ndi zolakwika.

njira zamakono otchulidwa kabisidwe

Today ikuchitika kumasulira hieroglyphics Iguputo? Mu 1991, pamene makompyuta wakhala bwino akupangidwa wakhala akufuna kuti encode zilembo za zinenero zosiyanasiyana Unicode Standard. Baibulo atsopano lili hieroglyphs lalikulu Iguputo. atchulidwa ali mu uthunthu: U + 13000 - U + 1342F. Masiku ano kutuluka zosiyanasiyana Catalogs latsopano mu mawonekedwe a pakompyuta. Chinawathandiza kumvetsa n'chakuti hieroglyphics Aigupto pa chinenero cha Chirasha ikuchitika ntchito mkonzi mawonekedwe Hieroglyphica. Tikumbukenso kuti nthawi anapitiriza amaoneka akalozera latsopano. Mogwirizana ndi chiwerengero mokwanira lalikulu zizindikiro angathe zovuta wachinsinsi. Komanso, nthawi, ofufuza kupeza hieroglyphics latsopano Aigupto ndi phindu phonetic la mapangidwe latsopano la anthu wogwila.

Zizindikiro Image Malangizo

Nthawi zambiri, Aigupto analemba mizere yopingasa, zambiri kuchokera kumanja kupita kumanzere. Zinali zachilendo kukumana mzere kuchokera kumanzere kupita kumanja. Nthawi zina, zizindikiro ndi choimirira. Pankhaniyi, iwo nthawi zonse kuwerenga kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pansi. Komabe, ngakhale malangizo ŵakwenera kuchokera kumanja kupita kumanzere mu zolemba za a Aigupto pa zifukwa zopindulitsa, kafukufuku mabuku masiku ano chizindikiro kuchokera kumanzere kupita kumanja. Zizindikiro kuti akuonetsedwa mbalame, nyama, anthu ndimachita itatembenuzidwira chiyambi cha mzere nkhope. The chizindikiro chapamwamba anali apamwamba kuposa pansi. Aiguputo sanagwiritse ntchito separators ziganizo kapena mawu, mwachitsanzo, panalibe zopumira. Zizindikiro Calligraphic pamene akuyesa kugawira kalata popanda mipata ndi symmetrically, kupanga rectangles kapena mabwalo.

kutsatira dongosolo

hieroglyphs Aigupto angathe kugawidwa mmagawo awiri aakulu. Choyamba ndi phonograms (kuomba zizindikiro), ndipo chachiwiri - ideograms (zizindikiro zamalankhulidwe). Latest mawu ntchito pofotokoza mfundo iliyonse. Nawonso, anawagawa mitundu 2: determiners ndi logograms. Phonogram ntchito phokoso. gulu Izi zikuphatikizapo zitatu Zizindikiro: trehsoglasnye, dvusoglasnye ndi odnosoglasnye. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti palibe fano pakati pa zilembo za mawu. Choncho, izi consonant kulemba dongosolo, monga Arabic kapena Chihebri. Aiguputo amakhoza kuwerenga malemba ndi mavawelo onse, ngakhale iwo sanali alembedwa. Munthu aliyense anadziwa chimodzimodzi chimene phokoso pakati ena zilembo ayenera kuikidwa katchulidwe ka mawu. Koma pakalibe zizindikiro za mavawelo ndi vuto lalikulu kwa Egyptologists. Kwa nthawi yaitali kwambiri (pafupifupi zaka zikwi ziwiri) chinenero ankaona akufa. Ndipo lero palibe amene akudziwa mmene mawu adawomba. Chifukwa kafukufuku philological akhoza Inde, anapereka phonetics yovuta mawu ambiri, kumvetsa tanthauzo la hieroglyphics Iguputo Russian, Latin ndi zinenero zina. Koma ntchito zimenezi tsopano akutali kwambiri sayansi.

phonogram

Odnosoglasnye zizindikiro anali zilembo Iguputo. Hieroglyphs Pankhaniyi ntchito potanthauza wina consonant. Mayina enieni a zilembo zonse odnosoglasnyh osadziwika. zinayendera awo anayamba asayansi, Egyptologists. Pomasulira anachita ndi ntchito zilembo Latin. Koma ngati zilembo Latin si makalata zogwirizana kapena amafunikira kwambiri, zizindikiro ndiye diacritical ntchito kusonyeza. Dvusoglasnye phokoso anapangidwa kuti kufala kwa zilembo ziwiri. mtundu wa zilembo ndi wamba zokwanira. Ena a iwo polyphonic (popereka ma angapo). Trehsoglasnye zizindikiro kulifotokoza, motero, zilembo zitatu. Iwo amagwiritsidwa inafalitsidwa mu kulemba. Monga ulamuliro, yotsirizira mitundu iwiri ntchito ndi Kuwonjezera zizindikiro odnosoglasnyh amene mwina kapena kuti kuganizira liwu lawo.

Ideogrammaticheskie hieroglyphs Aigupto ndi tanthauzo lake

Logograms zizindikiro lomwe linasonyeza zimene limatanthauza. Mwachitsanzo, zojambula kwa dzuwa - lero, ndi kuunika ndi dzuwa, ndi nthawi. Kwa tanthauzo lolondola la chizindikiro ndi lowonjezera ndi phokoso bwino. Determiners ndi ideograms, amene anafuna kunena kuti logogram siyana kalembedwe. Monga ulamuliro, iwo anayikidwa pa mapeto a mawu. Determinative anali kumveketsa tanthauzo la mipukutu. Komabe, iye sanali tisonyezeni mawu kapena phokoso. Determiners mwina ali ndi kunyamula ndi phindu mwachindunji. Mwachitsanzo, hieroglyph Iguputo kwa "diso" - si monga chiwalo cha masomphenya, komanso kutha kuona, kuti tipenye. Chizindikiro chosonyeza mpukutu wa gumbwa, akhoza osati kutanthauza buku kapena mpukutu wokha, komanso ndi zambiri umboni, umboni lingaliro.

kugwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro

Kukongoletsa ndi m'malo ofunda otchulidwa awo kukhazikitsa. Makamaka, zizindikiro ntchito, monga ulamuliro, chifukwa chilemba cha malemba opatulika ndi chadzaoneni. Tsiku ndi tsiku, kulenga malonda ndi makalata a boma, makalata ntchito dongosolo losavuta hieratic. Koma ngakhale ntchito mwachilungamo pafupipafupi, sanathe aithamangitse m'nkhaniyi. Anapitiriza ntchito mu nthawi ya Perisiya, ndipo pa ulamuliro Agiriki ndi Aroma. Koma ine ndiyenera kunena kuti IV m'ma panali anthu ochepa amene angafune ndi kumvetsa dongosolo.

kafukufuku wa sayansi

Mmodzi wa anthu otchulidwa poyamba anali ndi chidwi wakale olemba Diodorusi, Strabo, Herodotus. ulamuliro wapadera mu kuphunzira zizindikiro anali Horapollon. Onse olemba awa akhala akunama kwambiri kuti anthu onse akupereka chithunzi cha kalata. Mu dongosolo ili, mu maganizo awo, mawonekedwe munthu anakonzedwera mawu lonse, koma osati makalata kapena syllables. Mothandizidwa nkhani yolembedwa iyi ndi nthawi yaitali kwambiri ndipo anali ofufuza za zana la 19. Sindikuyesera mwasayansi kutsimikizira mfundo imeneyi, asayansi kuwerenga ndi hieroglyphs, kuchitira aliyense wa iwo monga mchitidwe pictographs. Woyamba amene adaganiza pamaso pa zizindikiro phonetic, anali Thomas Young. Koma sanathe kupeza chinsinsi kuwamvetsa. Kumvetsa hieroglyphics Aigupto anakwanitsa Jean-Fransua Shampolonu. Mtengo mbiri ya kafukufuku chimene anasiya nkhani yolembedwa ya olemba mabuku akale ndi kusankha njira yake. Monga maziko a kuphunzira anatenga kopanda kuti malembo Aigupto Kodi suli wa zinthu cilamulo ndi phonetic.

Kufufuza Rosetta Stone

limeneli pofukula anali opukutidwa wakuda basalt slab. Izo zonse kwathunthu chidafundidwa ndi zolemba zimene zasintha mu zilankhulo ziwiri. Bwalolo anali kulankhula atatu. Woyamba awiri anapanga ndi hieroglyphs ku Iguputo. Ndime yachitatu linalembedwa mu Greek, ndipo anali kuthokoza kwake pa lemba mwala anali kuwerenga. Zinali yolemekezeka adiresi ansembe, motsogoleredwa ndi Ptolemy wachisanu Epiphanes pa coronation wake. M'malemba Achigiriki pa mwala nawo mayina a Cleopatra ndi Ptolemy. Iwo ayenera kukhala lemba la Iguputo. Iwo ankadziwika kuti maina a Farao ndi zinaphatikizapo cartouches, kapena mafelemu chowulungika. Ndicho chifukwa Shampilona palibe vuto kupeza mayina a lemba la Iguputo - iwo momveka kuoneka kwa ena m'nkhaniyi. Kenako, amayerekezera ndime malemba, wofufuza kwambiri ndi kukhulupirira mwa zotuluka pa chiphunzitso cha zizindikiro phonetic m'Baibulo.

Malamulo ena chizindikiro

La zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa luso kulemba anali tiganizira zokongoletsa. Pa mfundo imeneyi kulenga malamulo kuti asagwiritse kusankha malangizo a lembalo. Zizindikiro akhoza kulembedwa ngati lamanja lamanzere, ndi mosemphanitsa, malingana ndi kumene ntchito. Ena otchulidwa zinalembedwa kuti maso ndi maso kuwerenga. Iwo anawonjezera lamulo limeneli kwa anthu osiyanasiyana, koma odziwika ndi chiletso anali pa kujambula zilembo zimene zimasonyeza nyama ndi anthu. Ngati lolembedwa anaikidwa pa webusaiti otchulidwa payekha akatulukire kwa pakati pa chitseko. Bwerani munthu akanakhoza mosavuta kuwerenga zilembo, chifukwa iwo amayamba ndi makhalidwe lemba ili pa mtunda wa pafupi naye. Chifukwa, palibe chizindikiro "sankafuna umbuli" ndi sanabweze wake aliyense. Mfundo imeneyi ndi zoona, zingaoneke kukambirana pakati pa anthu awiri.

anapezazo

Izo ziyenera kuti, ngakhale kuphweka mwina nyengo ya kulembedwa kwa Aiguputo, kachitidwe kawo zizindikiro ankaona zovuta kwambiri. Pa nthawi, anthu anayamba adzafota ku maziko, ndipo posakhalitsa iwo m'malo mwa njira ina likutipatsa mawu wa kulankhula. Aroma ndi Agiriki sankafuna kuphunzira mwapadera mu hieroglyphs Iguputo. Ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa dongosolo la zizindikiro za Chikhristu kwathunthu pa ntchito. Ndi 391, mwa dongosolo la Byzantine Mfumu Theodosius Woyamba Great akachisi achikunja anali atatseka. Last kakale mbiri masiku kuchokera chaka 394 (umboni ndi Zinthu zamakedzana pa za. Fila).