"Huygens-Cassini" - basi interplanetary siteshoni: kuphunzira Saturn

Saturn - phunziro lonse mmodzi wa dziko lapansili dzuŵa unayambitsidwa mu 1973. Asayansi American interplanetary siteshoni amatchedwa "Mpainiya 11" linatuluka mu mlengalenga. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti kuphunzira za kutali ndi zachinsinsi dziko, onani kukongola ndi kufufuza pamwamba. M'kupita kwa nthawi, asayansi anazindikira kuti ayenera kupeza mfundo zambiri za chimphona dziko, koma chikhalidwe chosiyana. Ndi ntchito ya zipangizo awiri "Cassini" anayamba kupanga Mwaichi, "Huygens". Chidwi dziko osati kudziwa zambiri zokhudza makhalidwe ake, koma kungakhale chiyambi cha latsopano kafukufuku ndi zoyambitsidwa mu dziko. Kuwonjezera zithunzi zokongola za Saturn, unit komanso transmits deta pa kapangidwe wa nthaka, kutalika zosintha zosiyanasiyana, ndipo ambiri Chofunika, kumathandiza tione makina chimphona danga. Mwina kuphunzira zambiri za iwo, tidzatha kumasulira zinsinsi za chilengedwe chachikulu, ndipo iwo anali kwambiri.

General zokhudza makina

Kutumiza ntchito US anali kucheza biliyoni atatu madola kuchita kafukufuku wa dziko lakutali. Atatu a bungwe wotchuka ndi luso, akuyendayenda danga, chinkhoswe mu chitukuko ndi kumanga zida, kuwonjezera, maiko khumi osiyana nawo mchitidwewo. Iwo apanga chipangizo, lomwe linali pa mtunda wa mamita khumi ndi Launch kulemera zaka sikisi matani. Makinawa siteshoni "Huygens" anali okonzeka ndi zida khumi sayansi, komanso mzati kwa magnetometer ndi Kulumikizana kutalika makilomita khumi. Icho chinali chimodzi cha mtengo kwambiri ndi zofunika kuphunzira zokhudza chilengedwe pa nthawi.

The chipangizo wagawo "Cassini"

Kulankhulana ndi Earth anakamba kampani Italy. Iwo okonzeka unit zinayi mita mlongoti. Chifukwa malo amene iye anali kugwiritsa ntchito mapanelo dzuwa asankha kugwiritsa ntchito, chifukwa iwo sadzakhala kumeneko tanthauzo lenileni. M'malo mwake, monga jenereta mphamvu ntchito ndi atatu radioisotope thermoelectric jenereta ndi. Adzaza makilogalamu makumi atatu nyukiliyazo basi nyukiliya makamaka akuchita zinthu ngati nkhuni. ndalamazo ndi zokwanira kwa zaka mazana awiri ntchito. Mwa njira, pafupifupi theka la kulemera kwa siteshoni "Huygens-Cassini" ndi mafuta zimene makina braked, anapita kanjira wa Saturn, ndi kuchita zina zofunika ayendetsa ntchito.

"Huygens"

Izi ndi zachilendo malo kafukufuku, amene akufuna ndiAmene anayenera kutera pa mwezi chimphona - Titan. Iwo zida ndi zipangizo asanu cholinga mwachindunji phunziro padziko mwezi. Ndiponso, amphibious kamera, anaikira wogonjetsa mitunda Kanema pa nthawi imeneyo nkomwe kuphunzira ndi akatswiri. kulemera kwake ndi makilogalamu 350. Yonseyi ndi Cassini imachitika kwa ndege olowa, chifukwa ntchito zinthu ziwiri ali pafupi wina ndi mnzake.

ndege

October 15, 1997 kukhazikitsidwa kwa siteshoni "Cassini" ndipo zaikidwa galimoto "Huygens" kuphunzira Saturn. Kutumiza siteshoni ya mu mlengalenga, kugwiritsa ntchito apadera chonyamulira roketi wotchedwa "Titan 4b". Komanso, kunali koyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zina, anaonetsetsa mathamangitsidwe wa chinthu, imene inkatchedwa "Centaur". Kamodzi chipangizo amayenera kufika pa Venus. Pakuti iyi inali mndandanda wa zimayambitsa angapo, popeza iwo amati opita ku mlalang'ambawu mulibe misewu yolunjika. Mofulumira wagawo anathandiza munda Mphamvu ya mapulaneti atatu. Kupeŵa kuwononga zinthu, pamene zouluka kumaloku, siteshoni ntchito kokha peresenti ochepa angathe awo.

The zithunzi loyamba

Ndinafika Cassini Huygens yozizira ya 2000. Zinali ndiye amene anatumiza Earth mafano loyamba Saturn kotala loyamba la mwezi, ndi mitundu ndigwira earthlings osadziwika. Ofufuzawa analandiranso zithunzi za ilili Febe, amene ali kanthu zosakwana dziko chimphona, asayansi chidwi. Zinali ndi kutengeka kwenikweni, chifukwa koyamba anthu nditha kuona bwinobwino malo chinthu.

Kanema Febe

Zikomo zithunzi akwanisa kuona kuti Febe ndi ofanana kwambiri maonekedwe kufunika makilomita mazana awiri asteroid, ndipo iye anali mtundu cholakwika. Komanso, asayansi kuti zambiri zikhale za ayezi ndi ali kapangidwe ka nyenyezi. Izi asayansi deta pafupi kumvetsa zinsinsi za dongosolo Saturnian.

Sun glare pa achisanu mphete za Saturn

Popeza kugonjetsa mtunda Saturn, "Cassini analowa" mpita wa dziko. Izo zinachitika pakati chilimwe cha 2004. Panjira anakumana ndi zopinga awiri okha, koma sanazichite ndi kuwonongeka yofunika kwambiri. Pamaso ankafika pa dziko, iye wapanga 74 m'mipita padziko Saturn, izo Linamutengera pafupi fupi zaka zinai. Koma pa nthawi anaphunzira padziko chimphona ndi makina ake. Tikumbukenso kuti siteshoni anaulukira padziko Titan nthawi 45.

Zolinga zikuluzikulu

"Huygens", "Cassini" watumidwa kwa Saturn kufufuza dzikoli, akuti:

• Kudziwa kapangidwe ndi kudziwa makhalidwe a mphete lathuli.
• Phunzirani kapangidwe Geological ndi mbiri ya miyezi ya Saturn.
• Kudziwa chikhalidwe ndi kumene kunali nkhani mdima limodzi la hemispheres ya Kanema Iapetus.
• Kufufuza kapangidwe ndi khalidwe magnetosphere.
• Kufufuza kapangidwe ka mitambo ndi kuphunzira mmene mlengalenga khalidwe.
• Dziwani zambiri za chifunga ndi mitambo pa Titan.
• Kudziwa chikhalidwe cha padziko Titan.

Zida pa utumiki

"Huygens", "Cassini" zida ndi spectrometer kwa dziko anali kupeza chipangizo wapangidwa ndi makadi dziko. Komanso anakhazikitsa dongosolo la amajambula zithunzi "Rada". Ndi womwewo kutalika kwa zinthu pa dziko ndi Kanema. "Rada" ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro wailesi, kumene kumasonyeza ilili. Komanso, iye anamvetsera wailesi, zomwe limafalitsa dziko. Katundu zikuphatikizapo: misa spectrometer ion ndi tinthu ndale, plasma, ndipo mphepo magnetospheric kamera, ndi ultraviolet spectrometer ndi kamera infuraredi, ndi magnetometer subsystem ndi nyukiliya RF jenereta.

ndege Chronicle

• 1997 - kunyamuka kwa Earth.
• 1998 - kuzemba loyamba Venus ndi chilengedwe cha zithunzi zosiyanasiyana ndi wosaiwalika wa dziko.
• 2000 - zouluka ndi asteroid Masurski kudzera siteshoni ife tinapeza kuti m'mimba mwake ake ndi za 20 makilomita, zomwe zinakhudza kwambiri kufufuza zina.
• 2000 - Mu December, iye anawulukira zapitazi Jupiter, kupanga mtundu zithunzi zambiri komanso kuchititsa maphunziro angapo a maphunziro ofunika.
• 2001 - Kupezeka kwa Chifunga pa njira kuchokera ku Jupita kuti Saturn, izi ndi zizindikiro loyamba mu kuwundana wa Pleiades.
• 2004 - zouluka zapitazi Titan ndi kudziwika kriovulkana ndi asafe ayezi kutuluka wa iwo, chimene anakhala kumverera mu dziko kufufuza malo.
• 2004 - pa usiku wa December 25 chinachitika kafukufuku nthambi "Cassini".
• 2005 - "Cassini" bwinobwino anakhala pa Titan, natenga gawo lake la utumiki.

zotsatira ntchito

Mothandizidwa ndi asayansi anakwanitsa kuchita kuyesera kutsimikizira chiphunzitso ambiri relativity. Panthawi imeneyi, ofufuza anati pafupipafupi kosangalatsa ndi chizindikiro yomweyo. Mu 2005 kunali kotheka kuphunzira masipoko a Saturn, koma sizinathandize kumvetsa limagwirira wa chilengedwe chonse. Akukhulupirira kuti awa masipoko anabadwa mu 2007. Komanso chipangizo amaloledwa kupeza makina atsopano a dziko Meto, Palen ndi Polidesis. Ndipo mu May, kusiyana Keeler anapeza mnzake wina, wotchedwa Daphnis, izi ilili chachiwiri, amene kanjira ndi mkati mphete za padziko lapansi. Zinali kupeza madzi oundana pamwamba pa Febe. Komanso, akatswiri anapeza mu Chigawo cha kumpoto kwa Titan a madzi hydrocarbon nyanja. Dziwani kuti ndi nthawi yoyamba asayansi anapeza matupi a madzi penapake kupatula Earth. Chifukwa cha kafukufuku "Cassini" inali kudziŵika kuti kukula zimasiyanasiyana chimodzi mazana makilomita. Mu 2007, ananeneratu kuti dera la kumpoto cha Titan anaulula ndende lalikulu la nyanja. chaka pamaso asayansi aphunzira za koma chithunzi china, womwenso Saturn, "Cassini" anapeza dongosolo mumlengalenga, lomwe ndi namondwe hexagonal mu makilomita 25 chikwi.

ukugwirizana ntchito

Kukambirana zimene zidzachitika kwa chipangizo pambuyo anamaliza utumiki wake, asayansi apanga zitsanzo zingapo siteshoni "Huygens-Cassini". Kutsogoza wapamwamba ndi njira anakhumba, akufuna ndi kutukula, anali kusiya chipangizo mu kanjira elongated wa Saturn. limathandiza kuti siteshoni apitiriza kuuluka pa dziko pa nthawi yomweyo sakanati anakumana ndi nthambi zake, kapena mavuto ena kuti zingakhudze kukhulupirika kwake.

Chimake chachiwiri akufuna ndi antchito a pakati kafukufuku, anali malo kupeza mu zinkakhalira Saturn. Koma pali vuto lina kuchita choncho, muyenera kuigwira iyo mumphete lathuli. Pankhaniyi, Mwina imfa ya ulamuliro pa chipangizo, ndipo mogwirizana ndi tsoka osadziwika zomwe pa Saturn "Cassini".

Komanso akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito siteshoni kufufuza zinthu zina lakumwamba lamba Kuiper, kuphatikizapo Uranus ndi Neptune. Mogwirizana ndi katundu wa mafuta ndi chida zida siteshoni mosavuta kupirira ntchito ndi kuti aphunzire zambiri za magawo pang'ono odziwika dongosolo lathu dzuwa.

Njira ina ntchito basi interplanetary siteshoni anali kuyambitsa pa lidzawombana ndi Mercury. Asayansi amati n'zotheka ndithu, ngati tigwiritsa ntchito m'munda yokoka ya Jupiter. Akatero kuuluka kwa dziko pa liwiro la makilomita 20 pa ola limodzi ndipo popanda vuto okha anakumana ndi bwino afufuza. Malinga ndi malingaliro amenewo, za 2021 anthu akhoza apitirize kupeza Mercury, dongosolo, dongosolo ndi zikuchokera.

Koma akamakambirana anatengedwa mu 2007 kuti siteshoni anakhala pa kanjira wa Saturn. Kuyangana dziko komabe nthawi zonse, ilili kosalekeza transmits zithunzi za chimphona chodabwitsa Padziko Lapansi, kuwulula kwa ife zinsinsi watsopano akutali koma kwathunthu osadziwika Saturn, mtunda umene tinali wakutheker kugonjetsa mothandizidwa ndi asayansi otchuka ndi chitukuko akufuna kudziwa thambo. Inde, anakhala ndalama zambiri, nthawi ndi khama, koma ndi chikhulupiriro chonse tikhoza kunena kuti zinali zopindulitsa. Ndipotu, pamene tikuphunzira zambiri za m'dzikoli bwino tingamvetse tokha. malo kufufuza chaka kukhala ndi amene amadziwa, mwinamwake ntchito pafupi Saturn sadzakhalanso kuchita ntchito basi siteshoni, ndi gulu la chombo oyenerera. Mulimonsemo, chipangizo opangidwa kuchokera ku kanjira ndi kutsegula anthu osati kudziwa komanso mafano wapadera dziko lakutali ndi wokongola.