Dongosolo ndiponso malamulo kusanduka. mchitidwe wa chisinthiko

Tizilombo kusanduka zikusonyeza kusanduka chilengedwe cha zamoyo, zomwe limodzi ndi kusintha kapangidwe majini a anthu, komanso kuwonjezeka katundu dziphunzitsiranso, maonekedwe a mitundu yatsopano ndi kutha kwa okalamba. Zonsezi kusintha pa nthawi m'chilengedwe ndiponso biosphere wonse.

chiphunzitso ichi chititsimikizira

Pali ziphunzitso zambiri zofotokoza njira imene mchitidwe wa chisinthiko wamangidwa. Asayansi ambiri tsopano udaperekedwa chiphunzitso kupanga a kusanduka (STE), zochokera pophatikizana wa chibadwa anthu ndi Darwin. Kupanga chiphunzitso anafotokoza kugwirizana pakati pa masinthidwe chibadwa, ndiko kuti, zinthu zimene zamoyo zamphamvu zokhazokha (kusanduka limagwirira). Mchitidwe wa chisinthiko mu chimango cha chiphunzitso chimenechi ndi pafupipafupi kusintha ndondomeko ya alleles imene imachititsa osiyana mu chiwerengero cha mitundu pa mibadwo ingapo.

Dongosolo ndiponso malamulo kusanduka

Zamoyo ndi ndondomeko sizingasinthe. chamoyo chilichonse chimene, ndi kudzikundikira masinthidwe zabwino akhoza atengere zinthu zatsopano, pamene kubwerera kwa sing'anga poyamba tiyenera kachiwiri chikudutsa njira anatengera. Komanso, palibe mitundu sangathe kuthetsedwa kwathunthu, Charles Darwin yekha analemba kuti ngakhale malo adzakhala yemweyo monga kale, ndiye kusanduka mitundu si okhoza kubwerera ku uliri m'mbuyomu. Ndiko kuti, nyama adzatha azolowere za kubweranso kwa zinthu zakale, koma osati "lakale" njira.

Izi mosavuta taonera ndi anamgumiwa lapansi. Kapangidwe mkati mwa zipsepse (pamodzi ndi chinsomba) akuzisunga zizindikiro za nthambi zolengedwa zoyamwitsa. Masinthidwe dziwe jini m'badwo kusinthidwa, kotero konse mobwerezabwereza. Ngakhale kuti dolphin ndi anangumi zasintha malo, ndi zisanu atagwira miyendo - kuti zipsepse, iwo adakali nyama. Monga ngati zokwawa kusanduka kuchokera ku achule pa siteji, koma ngakhale kumbuyo mu malo akale, iwo sangakhoze kungadzutse achule.

Chitsanzo china lamulo limeneli la kusanduka: ndi yobiriwira chitsamba chilichonse tsache. Pa tsinde lake ili yowala, masamba lalikulu wakuda omwe ali nthambi kwenikweni kusinthidwa. Masamba oona lonse-ngati ndipo ili mu malo awa "zimayambira." A flakes nkusani oyambirira kasupe maluwa limapezeka, kumene zina akufotokozera chipatso. Wopha anamuchotsa masamba m'kati kusanduka, chifukwa amene wakwanitsa atengere chilala, ndiye ankakhulupirira adalowa malo m'madzi, koma m'malo masamba limeneli kusinthidwa zimayambira.

inhomogeneity

Terms of mfundoyi amanenanso kuti ndondomeko ndi sakanikira kwambiri ndipo sanalemberetu ndi nthawi zakuthambo. Mwachitsanzo, pali nyama analipo zikutsatiridwa mamiliyoni mazanamazana zaka. Iwo crossopterygian nsomba, Tuatara ndi sablehvost - wamoyo mafupawa. Koma izo zimachitika kuti speciation ndi kusintha kumachitika mofulumira kwambiri. Pa zaka 800 zikwi lomaliza Australia ndi ku Philippines, pali mtundu watsopano wa makoswe, ndi nyanja Baikal m'masiku otsiriza zaka mamiliyoni 20 ali apindula ndi mitundu 240 ya nkhanu, amene anawagawa genera 34 latsopano. Zadzidzidzi kapena kusintha mtundu sadalira pa nthawi ngati zimenezi, koma anatsimikiza ndi kupanda olimba ndi chiwerengero cha mibadwo. Ndiko kuti, mitundu mofulumira proliferating, ndi apamwamba mlingo wa kusanduka.

dongosolo chatsekedwa

Madongosolo monga kusanduka, kusankha zamoyo ndi kusintha, ukhoza kuthamanga mofulumira kwambiri. Izi zimachitika ngati mmene chilengedwe ndi kusokonekera. Komabe, nyanja kwambiri, mphanga madzi, zilumba ndi madera ena akutali kwa zinthu, kusankha zamoyo ndi speciation zimachitika pang'onopang'ono. Ikufotokoza chakuti nsomba zambiri crossopterygian zaka miliyoni kukhala sichinasinthe.

Tifufuza ndi kudalira pa mlingo wa zamoyo wa kusankha zamoyo ndi wosavuta tizilombo. Mu mmasate Mu zaka zapitazo ku tizirombo anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala akupha, koma patatha zaka zochepa panali mitundu amene ndinazolowera mankhwala. mitundu imeneyi kuti anali ndi udindo lalikulu ndipo mwamsanga Zafalikira dziko.

Zochizira matenda ambiri amene amagwiritsidwa ntchito mankhwala amphamvu - penicillin, streptomycin, gramicidin. zamoyo malamulo kuti zotsatira: mu makumi anai ndi asayansi taonera zikamera tizilombo kusamva mankhwala awa.

regularities

Pali zinthu zitatu zikuluzikulu za kusanduka, mgwirizano, kusinthako ndi kufanana. Pa nthawi ya divergence wakhala divergence pang'onopang'ono zizindikiro intraspecific amene mapeto magulu atsopano a anthu. Monga kusiyana kwa kapangidwe ndi njira ya chakudya choyenera yapadera kwambiri, magulu anayamba kumwazikana m'madera ena. Ngati m'dera munthu aloledwa, zosowa chomwecho mu chakudya, mu nthawi, pamene chakudya adzakhala zochepa, iwo adzayenera kusiya malo ndi kuti azolowere zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Ngati mu dera limodzi, pali mitundu ndi zosowa zosiyana, mpikisano pakati pawo n'chochepa kwambiri.

A chitsanzo chapadera cha mmene divergence zinachokera ndondomeko - ndi 7 nswala mitundu zokhudzana ndi mzake: mphalapala imeneyi, mphalapala, mbawala, mabanga nswala, agwape ugonere, mphalapala roe ndi musk.

Species ndi digiri yapamwamba ya divergence, ndi mwayi kusiya ana ndi zochepa kupikisana wina ndi mzake. Pamene zizindikiro za divergence umalimba, anthu lagawidwa kum'mwera mitundu, amene, chifukwa cha kusankha zamoyo, mwina adzakhale mitundu osiyana.

ammudzi

Mgwirizano amatchedwanso zamoyo wa zamoyo, zomwe zinachititsa mitundu zifukwa kuoneka mbali wamba. Chitsanzo cha mgwirizano ndi kufanana mu mawonekedwe a thupi anamgumiwa (nyama), nsombazo (nsomba) ndipo ichthyosaurs (zokwawa). Ichi ndi chifukwa kuli mu malo omwewo ndi zikhalidwe zomwezo wa moyo. Laza ndi bilimankhwe guloyo kwambiri ndi zifukwa, koma ofanana kwambiri maonekedwe. Mapiko komanso ndi chitsanzo cha mgwirizano. Mileme ndi mbalame zidzachitika ndi kusintha forelegs, koma Gulugufe ndi kumanga-wa thupi. Mgwirizano ndi zachilendo pakati zosiyanasiyana mitundu ya dzikoli.

kufanana

Mawu akuti lachokera ku Greek "parallelos" kutanthauza "kudza lotsatira" ndipo m'Baibulo lino n'chakuti momveka bwino tanthauzo lake. Concurrency ndi ndondomeko ya palokha kupeza zinthu zofanana structural Pamagulu yogwirizana chibadwa, zikuchitika chifukwa kukhalapo mbali tinalandira kwa makolo wamba. Mtundu wa kusanduka ndi inafalitsidwa mu chirengedwe. Chitsanzo cha ndi maonekedwe a zipsepse ngati zipangizo kwa sing'anga amadzimadzi imene walruses otariids ndi phocids kupangidwa mu kufanana. Palinso tizilombo ambiri mapiko panali olakwika kutsogolo mapiko elytra. Mu Crossopterygii pali zizindikiro za achule ndi nyama ngati abuluzi, pali zizindikiro za nyama. Pamaso pa kufanana limasonyeza osati umodzi wa magwero a mitundu, komanso kuli chofanana.