Hymenoptera: maonekedwe, mitundu, akuluakulu oimira ndi kapangidwe

Tizilombo angapezeke kulikonse - m'nkhalango mzindawo konkire, mu dambo, mu nkhalango, Titafika pamalo, chipululu ndipo ngakhale pamene pali nthawi chisanu ndi chisanu. Nthawizina ife sazindikira momwe wokongola dziko. Padziko lapansi anthu mamiliyoni ambiri zamoyo zosiyanasiyana moyo. M'nkhaniyi, ife tidzaona bwinobwino mwatsatanetsatane zimene Hymenoptera. Taganizirani subtypes onse ndi zizindikiro zawo.

zambiri

Category Hymenoptera lili 300,000 boma mitundu ya tizilombo. Aliyense ali mitundu iwiri iwiri ya mapiko mandala ndi maselo lalikulu kwambiri. Masamba, amene ali kutsogolo, monga ulamuliro, ndi yaitali kuposa kumbuyo. Onse Hymenoptera kugawidwa ndi moyo mu mitundu itatu: zolusa, tizilombo herbivores tizilombo.

Ndi Hymenoptera monga mavu, njuchi, njuchi bumble, nyerere ndi ena. anthu ochepa chabe amene akudziwa kuti moyo m'madera osiyana kumene kuli mmodzi yekha yaikulu tizilombo. N'zosadabwitsa kuti ntchito zonse iwo wogawana kugawa. Aliyense ena timu tizilombo udindo zochita. Akukhulupirira kuti gulu la tizilombo amakhala mwamtheradi m'madera onse a dziko.

Mitundu ya Hymenoptera amasiyana kwambiri zokwanira. Pali mitundu iwiri yokha - ndi Symphyta apocrita. Woyamba ndi tizilombo zambiri wosazindikira kuti kudyetsa pa nkhani organic.

kuswana Features

kuti Hymenoptera tizilombo yodziwika ndi mtundu wa lingaliro kukhazikitsa pansi. Chiswe, mwachitsanzo, amene ali mitundu yosiyanasiyana, alibe mbali zoterozo. Banja la Hymenoptera, monga ulamuliro, pali mfumukazi chimodzi chokha. Mu zoyambirira za moyo wake, mkaziyo chimodzi chokha mating ndege, mbadwa ya umuna kwa nyengo yonse ya moyo umene uli pafupi zaka 10.

Anasonkhana umuna mkazi amagwiritsa zonse manyowa mazira, amene analimbikitsa ndi kapepala ake maliseche. Dziwani kuti si onse oocytes umuna ndondomeko. Iwo akhoza kukhala akonzedwa umodzi kapena iwiri DNA.

Hymenoptera wopanda bambo. mamembala onse a banja limodzi zofanana ya DNA kuwapeza wamkazi. Only mfumukazi yekha ali ndi awiri a iwo.

mbali structural

Monga tidanena kale, Hymenoptera ndi mitundu iwiri iwiri ya mapiko. Monga ulamuliro, kutsogolo wautali wobwelela. Pa mutu wa masharubu Hymenoptera ili. Aliyense subspecies iwo dongosolo makhalidwe awo. chiwerengero chawo zimasiyanasiyana 2 70, ndipo pa mutu wake ndi maso zomwe ziri zovuta kwambiri dongosolo. Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, nyerere chilichonse kuwona. Iwo kupeza njira zawo anthill awo anasiya chifukwa kwa fungo la pfungo.

Zosangalatsa za nyerere

Nyerere - ndi Hymenoptera yaing'ono. Chiwerengero cha mitundu ndi zambiri 8000. Akukhulupirira kuti nyerere ndi ofanana kwambiri kwa munthu.

Nyerere konse kudya zimene apeza. Pali ponse angakuperekeni chakudya chisa. Anthu amene musati kubweretsa, kupha tizilombo. Nyerere zonse kuwonjezera zakudya kwa dzinja. Masana iwo kulinyamula kunja kuti ziume, ndipo usiku omwe alowa kachiwiri. Akukhulupirira kuti nyerere ndi presentiment nyengo, chifukwa iwo sanayambe zouma kukolola pamaso mvula.

anthu ochepa mukudziwa, koma woimira wamkulu wa sayansi American apeza imodzi madoko. thupi nyerere inali mu Amber. Akatswiri amanena zaka anapeza ndi za 130 miliyoni zaka. N'zosadabwitsa kuti nyerere - ndi zamoyo kokha, koma anthu amene kukula nyama, ndicho nsabwe.

Akukhulupirira kuti nyerere ndi ubongo lalikulu padziko lapansi poyerekezera ndi thupi lanu. Ndipotu ina chidwi - ndi kusowa tulo. N'zosadabwitsa kuti dongosolo Hymenoptera nyerere asaone kufunika kwake.

anthu ochepa mukudziwa, koma nyerere moyo mpaka zaka 3, koma akazi - kuti 20. imatchedwanso kuti akhoza kunyamula katundu kuposa kulemera kwa nthawi 100. Nyerere wamwalira poizoni, nthawi zonse imagwera kokha kumanja.

bumblebees

Bumblebees - komanso Hymenoptera. Oimira subspecies zosiyanasiyana tsitsi lakuda pa thupi, amene ali ndi mtundu yowala. Bumblebees anawagawa m'magulu atatu: mfumukazi, ogwira ntchito ndi drones. Tikumbukenso kuti awa alibe luso mbola. Mosiyana ndi mavu, bumblebees mbola kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa adziteteze.

Zimene thupi laumunthu kuti kuluma bumblebee zimadalira payekha. Nthawi zambiri si owopsa. Sayanjana ndi bumblebee mbola ali osowa ndithu. nthawi zambiri ndi phunziro kwa% 1 okha a anthu, ndi, monga ulamuliro, izi zidzachitika kuluma chachiwiri.

Amadziwika kuti mosiyana ndi ena Hymenoptera, bumblebees musatenge pa kufunafuna chakudya mu nyengo yoipa. Komanso zomera ambiri amakonda. Bumblebees mungu ndi kufikako maluwa mbale, omwe sali pansi mavu pa.

Mosiyana ndi tizilombo tina, bumblebees ali pamwamba thupi kutentha kwa madigiri 20-30, kuposa chilengedwe. Ichi ndi chifukwa ntchito yogwira minofu pectoral.

Kodi pali ubwino uliwonse Hymenoptera?

Mwina, aliyense amadziwa kuti zamoyo zonse padziko lathuli ndi inakula. Aliyense tizilombo amabweretsa phindu kwa dziko ndi munthuyo. Nazonso, ndi detachment wa Hymenoptera. Mwachitsanzo, nyerere, monga ife tikudziwira, osati nyumba padziko pansi, koma pansi. Chifukwa nthaka imeneyi zambiri friable, ndipo anadzazidwa ndi zambiri oxygen. Komanso nyerere chaka kuononga nambala yaikulu tizirombo.

Iwo phindu lalikulu Hymenoptera - njuchi, mavu ndi hornets. Chifukwa cha zinthu za processing awo analengedwa nambala yaikulu mankhwala. Mwachitsanzo, mankhwala ambiri muli uchi ndi phula.

Mfundo zosangalatsa za woimira Hymenoptera

M'zaka za m'ma XX, wasayansi wotchuka unachitikira angapo kafukufuku chidwi. Amadziwika kuti njuchi bumble ali ndi mapiko m'malo yaing'ono kukula (wachibale thupi lake). masovedwe Scientific ntchito kwa tizilombo -lift ndege. Iye anapeza kuti bumblebee ntchentche ndi malamulo onse a aerodynamics ndi sayansi.

Lero, pankhani imeneyi imachitika ambiri mikangano. Asayansi ambiri amakana kungoganizira ndi kutsimikizira kuti bumblebee ntchentche komanso anakhazikitsa. Komabe, Mabaibulo awa adakali sadayidziwa kwathunthu.

Hymenoptera ndi maphunziro

Monga ife anafotokoza kale, Hymenoptera kubweretsa ubwino waukulu. Za mbali ya dongosolo lawo ndi kugwira ntchito akuuza ophunzira 7 kalasi kusukuluyi. Cholinga - pofuna kusonyeza kuti tifunika dongosolo tizilombo Hymenoptera. Kalasi 7 pakutha pa phunziro ayenera kudziwa mbali structural mitundu ndi udindo wawo thupi ndi chilengedwe. Ndi udindo wa mphunzitsi ndi kufufuza kuloŵerera nkhani za Hymenoptera patapita kanthawi.

Parasitic katundu. ndulu-ntchentche

Monga tizilombo tina ambiri, ena subspecies ndi Hymenoptera parasitic katundu. M'modzi wa ophunzira, amene katundu uyu ndi ndulu mavu. Nthawi zambiri, iwo chiikire mazira pa thundu kapena chitsamba chilichonse. maonekedwe ake iwo amafanana mtedza yaing'ono. The tizilombo kutchera mazira ake mwachindunji ku makungwa kapena masamba a zomera. Mtsogolo, zomwe kuwaswa mphutsi White amene amaswa ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya mitengo ndi zitsamba, parasitic pa iwo.

Ihnevmonoidy

mtundu wina wa Hymenoptera parasitic - ihnevmonoidy. Oimira ili kum'mwera kwa mitundu amasiyana mtundu komanso kukula kwake. Akazi ihnevmonoidov ndiribe anasonyeza filamentous Mavu. Iwo kukhala pamwamba pa tizilombo tina ndi jekeseni thupi lawo mazira.

Ena mfumukazi Mavu ladzala ndi poizoni. Ndiyamika ziwalo iwo kuthetsa tizirombo mbewu. Mazira m'thupi la wina tizilombo mphutsi kuwaswa. Nthawi yoyamba iye wakudya madipoziti mafuta ochitiridwayo, ndipo pamene katundu wawo uli pafupi kutha, kuyambira kudya ziwalo zofunika kwambiri. Pa nthawi imene larva akuyamba kulenga Gulugufe, monga ulamuliro, munthuyo akamwalira.

Chalcid

Chalcid - ndi subspecies wina wa parasitic Hymenoptera. Iwo yodziwika ndi kukula mwachilungamo yaing'ono. Mofanana ndi tizilombo tina kwambiri parasitic kuti moyo mu thupi Chalcid anthu ena.

Ndipotu chidwi kuti Chalcid akhoza infest ngakhale mu madamu. Akukhulupirira kuti oimira kwambiri wakale wa parasitic Hymenoptera subspecies anakhalako m'nyengo Cretaceous.

Pali subspecies osiyana Chalcid - Costa Rican. Iwo akhoza infest osati nyama komanso anthu. Amadziwika kuti mlimi New England kumbuyo khutu lake analumidwa ndi tizilombo. Mamuna aenda masabata awiri ndi ululu mumamva ndipo anadandaula kumva imfa. masabata atatu pambuyo analumidwa ndi mkazi mlimi anaona kuti kuchokera mu khutu lake kukwawa tizilombo yaing'ono. Man mwamsanga m'chipatala. Madokotala ikuchitika opareshoni ndi linalandidwa kuchokera kwa iye khutu la magilamu 300 Chalcid.

Pakati Chalcid pali mitundu amene ali parasitic okha zomera. Iwo amapanga umoyo wawo mu galls (zophuka m'madera a minofu tsamba). anthu ochepa mukudziwa, koma pali subspecies Chalcid, oimira amene kuikira mazira mu zipatso za ficus, amene akungoyamba kupanga. Popanda tizilombo izi, mbewu sizikanakhala zotheka kuti mungu. Komanso kuyamika parasitism, tingati mbewu ficus.

kuti adzimvera

Pafupifupi Hymenoptera Ndimagoma ife ndi quaintness wake ndi wapadera. Aliyense mtundu uli ndi peculiarities yake. M'nkhaniyi, ife tawonetsa kodi zosaneneka tizilombo. Tapeza kuti nyerere konse kugona, ndi monga ife, ziweto mwakula, ndi ena parasitic Hymenoptera tizilombo angapindule. Mwatsoka, anthu ambiri kudziletsa dziko ndi anthu okhalamo. Ife kwambiri amalangiza kuti avulaze ndi chibadwa chathu, osati Hymenoptera, komanso nthumwi zina za zomera omasuka ndipo silinathe m'dziko lathu patatha zaka zingapo.