Mpesa muyeso wa m'litali, dera, misa. Ubwino amaona akale mfundo muyeso mu Lazaro

Lero, aliyense wa ife mu zoti miyeso ena muyeso yekha akugwiritsa ntchito mawu amakono. Ndipo si zachilendo ndipo achilengedwe. Komabe, mu phunziro la mbiri kapena kuwerenga ntchito zolembalemba, zimakhala takumana ndi mawu monga "chikhatho chimodzi", "Arshin", "chigongono", ndi zina zotero. D.

Ndipo ntchito imeneyi mawu ndi wabwinobwino, chifukwa palibe kanthu ngati miyeso akale kayesedwe. Kodi limatanthauza aliyense ayenera kudziwa. Chifukwa chiyani? Choyamba, ndi nkhani ya makolo athu. Chachiwiri, kudziwa zimenezi ndi chizindikiro cha mlingo wathu aluntha.

Nkhani ya miyeso

Development wa anthu sizikanatheka popanda kumvetsa nkhani luso. Koma sikunali kokwanira. Kukhalabe Nthawi zambiri zofunikira ndi mayunitsi ena m'litali, misa ndi danga. munthu wawo anabwera wosiyanasiyana mosayembekezeka. Mwachitsanzo, osiyanasiyana aliyense chimafotokozera kusintha, kapena masitepe. miyeso Mpesa chingwe zokhudza kukula anthu kapena kumveketsa kuchuluka minofu chofanana kutalika kwa chala kapena molumikizana mafupa, dzanja span, ndi zina zotero. E., Icho chiri chonse kuti ndi mtundu wa choyezera chida, nthawi ili pa yokha.

Pa mochititsa chidwi kwambiri kudziwa kutalika kwa makolo athu, tikuphunzira chiyani pa mbiri ndi makalata akale. Izi "mwala kuponya" kutanthauza osewera ake, ndipo "mfuti kuwombera", ndi "perestrel" (osiyanasiyana mivi ndege), ndipo kwambiri. Nthawi zina unit wa muyeso ndi mtunda limene kwambiri anamva kulira kwa chinyama. Icho chinali "tambala", "Ng'ombe kubangula," ndi zina zotero. D. An chidwi muyeso kutalika zinkakhalira anthu a Siberia. Iye ankatchedwa "mumamera" ndipo amatanthauza kuti iye anali pansi pa mtunda wa mmene anthu zowoneka ophatikizidwa mu ng'ombe imodzi nyanga.

Mbiri zilipo, tinganene kuti miyezo wakale wa muyeso mu Russia anaonekera zaka 11-12. Iwo anali mayunitsi monga mtunda, mapazi asanu ndi awiri, chigongono ndi chikhatho chimodzi. Komabe, masiku amenewo, wopangidwa njira kudziwa kutalika linali yovuta. Iwo mosiyana malinga ukulu ndi zikusintha pa nthawi.

La zochitika za m'masiku a zaka 13-15, timaphunzira kuti miyeso wakale wa muyeso wa matupi lotayirira (zambiri monga chimanga) - kad, amachepetsa, kotala ndi Osmino. Patapita zaka 16-17. mawu awa zathaŵa ntchito. The muyeso waukulu matupi lotayirira kuchokera nthawi imeneyi amakhala kotala umene pafupifupi chofanana ndi pudam asanu.

mawu "spool" likupezeka angapo zikalata nyengo Kievan Lazaro. Izi woyezera kulemera anali kufala mofanana berkovets ndi pud.

Khama la kutalika

Mpesa miyeso muyeso wa zedi zathupi siziri zolondola kwambiri. N'chimodzimodzinso kudziwa kutalika kwa mapazi. Limeneli liyenera anamugwiritsa ntchito Ancient Rome, Ancient Greece, Perisiya ndi Igupto. sitepe anthu, pafupifupi kutalika ndi 71 cm, mtunda anatsimikiza ngakhale pakati pa mizinda. amodzi otere ntchito mu nthawi yathu. Koma masiku ano, pedometers wapadera zipangizo watsimikiza ndi mtunda ndi nambala ya masitepe anayenda munthu.

M'litali, umene ntchito ku maiko Mediterranean, izo akutumikira motero unit, ngati nkhosa. Kutchulidwa kwa angapezeke mu mipukutu, chibwenzi ku woyamba Zakachikwi BC. e. Masiteji anali wofanana ndi mtunda umene munthu mayendedwe bata akhoza kupita mbandakucha mpaka nthawi imene Dzuŵa litayamba kwathunthu adzaoneka pamwamba m'chizimezime.

Ngati chitukuko cha anthu anthu kuti akhale chofunika zedi zikuluzikulu. Pa nkhani imeneyi, panali wakale mailo imodzi ya Chiroma liri masitepe 1,000.

Mpesa miyeso kutalika kuyeza mitundu yosiyanasiyana Chrixitu. Choncho, amalinyero Estonia anatsimikiza machubu mtunda. Izi ndi njira kuti chombo unachitikira kwa nthawi kwathunthu odzaza ndi fodya kusuta chitoliro. Muyeso womwewo kutalika kwa Spain wotchedwa ndudu. Japanese tathanthauzira mtunda "nsapato kavalo". Iyo inali njira imene anadutsa nyama mpaka wathunthu avale udzu zidendene m'malo nsapato yake.

mfundo Ofunika kudziwa kutalika mu Lazaro

Kumbukirani mwambi wakale wa miyeso kayesedwe. Mmodzi wa iwo ndi bwino kuti kuyambira tili ana: "Kuyambira mphika mainchesi awiri, ndi kokha ukazchik". kutalika ngati amodzi ndi chiyani? Mu Russia, zinali wofanana ndi M'lifupi mwa index ndi zala pakati. Pankhaniyi, inchi wina wolingana ndi munthu chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi cha bwalo a. Masiku ano, mtengo uwu 4,44 masentimita Koma wakale Russian muyeso wa -. Fingernail - zaka 11 mm. Amapita kanayi, zinali wofanana mainchesi wina.

Mu Russia, zinthu zina akale chingwe kugwiritsidwa ntchito mogwirizana ndi chitukuko ubale malonda ndi mayiko ena. Choncho panali kuchuluka wotchedwa muyezo. Izo zinachitika dzina kuchokera ku mawu Persian "chigongono". Mu chinenero ichi, izo zikumveka ngati "Arches". Anabwera mayadi wofanana masentimita 71,12, pamodzi ndi amalonda ochokera m'madera akutali, kubweretsa silika Chinese, veleveti ndi tonyamulira Indian.

Muyeso womwewo nsalu, amalonda kum'maŵa anakoka ake pa dzanja lake paphewa. M'mawu ena, iwo kuyeza katundu muyezo. Zinali yabwino, chifukwa ichi chida choyezera nthaŵi zonse anali naye. Komabe, amalonda kuchenjerera kuyang'ana othandiza ndi mikono lalifupi, ndi bwalo kuti anali ndi minofu ang'onoang'ono. Koma posachedwapa zinatha. Akuluakulu woyikidwa mayadi boma, omwe ntchito mosachotsera. Iwo kunapezeka kuti wolamulira matabwa, chimene chinapangidwa mu Moscow. Zolembedwa za zipangizo ngati anatumizidwa Russia. Ndipo kuti aliyense akhoza kunyengeza pang'ono ndi kufupikitsa pabwalo, mzere malekezero a chitsulo Mundinyamule, amene kuvala manyazi pagulu. Pakali pano, unit wa muyeso salinso ntchito. Komabe, mawu ngati mtengo ndi bwino kuti tonse. Za iye, ndi kuwauza miyambi ndi miyeso akale kayesedwe. Choncho, mwamuna wanzeru kunena kuti 'kuona pansi pa mapazi asanu ndi limodzi. "

Kodi aliyense mu Russia Mzimuyo mtunda?

Pali ena akale muyeso wa utali. Zikuphatikizapo mapazi asanu ndi awiri. Kungotchula mawu akuti anali woyamba kutchulidwa "The nthano za chiyambi cha ansembe yotchedwa Kiev-Pechersk", chibwenzi ku m'ma 11. Ndipo fathoms awiri mitundu analipo. Mmodzi wa iwo ndi flywheel, umene uli wofanana ndi mtunda pakati pa msonga ya chala chapakati, ndikuyesetsa mu madera osiyana. Ubwino miyeso muyeso akale a mtundu umenewu unali wofanana 1 mamita 76 masentimita fathoms chachiwiri mtundu -. Skew. Zinali kutalika kwa nsapato chidendene pa phazi lake lamanja kuti nsonga ya chala chapakati cha dzanja lake lamanzere anatambasula m'mwamba. Ukulu oblique fathoms anali pafupifupi 248 cm. Nthawi zina akuti otchulidwa za kumanga anthu othamanga. Iwo amanena kuti iye ali ndi oblique mapazi asanu pa mapewa.

Old Russian muyeso chingwe kutalika lalikulu - munda kapena miles. Kutchula koyamba za makhalidwe amenewa akupezeka Zolembedwa za m'ma 11. mtunda utali ndi 1060 m. Komanso akuti poyamba ntchito muyeso wa mayiko olimapo. Iye ankatanthauza mtunda pakati pa ankasinthana wa khasu.

Mpesa kuchuluka kuyeza miyeso munali dzina ankasewera. Choncho, ndi ulamuliro wa Alexei Mikhailovich (1645-1676 gg.), Munthu wamtali kwambiri anatchedwa Kolomna miles. Osati waiwala zoseketsa akuti lero.

Mpaka 18. mu Russia ntchito wagawo ichi monga mezhevaya miles. Iye kuyeza pakati pa malire a m'midzi. Kutalika kwa mtunda uyu anali mayadi 1000. Lero ndi 2,13 Km.

Wina muyeso wakale wa kutalika anali chikhatho chimodzi mu Russia. Mtengo wake unali kota a pabwalo ndipo anali pafupifupi 18 masentimita Pali .:

- "kakang'ono chikhatho chimodzi" chomwe ndi wofanana ndi mtunda pakati pa nsonga wotambasula chala chachikulu ndi index chala chake;
- "lalikulu chikhato" wofanana kutalika popanda pakati pa chala chachikulu ndi chala chapakati.

Ambiri a okalamba Mwambi anatengedwa miyezo zimasonyeza kuti ife ndi ndalamazo. Mwachitsanzo, "zisanu ndi ziwiri mwapang'ono." Kotero kuti munthu wanzeru kwambiri.

Laling'ono wakale woyezera kutalika imatengedwa kuti ndi mzere. Ndi wofanana ndi M'lifupi mwa tirigu ndi 2,54 mm. Kufikira tsopano, ili unit wa muyeso ntchito ndi Watch Factory. Only kukula kwa Swiss analandira - 2,08 mm. Mwachitsanzo, kukula kwa anthu wotchi "Kupambana" ndi 12 mizere, ndi akazi "Dawn" - 8.

European woyezera kutalika

C 18. Russia kwambiri kukodzedwa ake asapita malonda ndi mayiko a azungu. N'chifukwa chake kunkafunika miyezo yatsopano miyezo kuti angayerekezedwe ndi European. Ndiyeno Petro ndinakhala kusintha metrological. lamuloli ena English patali anayeza kuyamba mu dziko. Awa anali mapazi, mainchesi ndi mayadi. Ofala kwambiri makamaka mayunitsi analandira mu shipbuilding ndi asilikali.

Malinga ndi nthano, nthawi yoyamba anafotokoza za bwalo akali 101, Iwo unali wofanana ndi kutalika kwa mphuno a Henry I (Mfumu ya England) kuti nsonga ya chala chapakati cha dzanja lake, ndikuyesetsa mu malo yopingasa. Lero, mtunda izi 0,91 m.

Phazi ndi pabwalo - ndi miyeso mpesa chingwe zikugwirizana kwambiri ndi mzake. Anachokera ku mawu English «phazi» - phazi, mtengo uwu ndi wofanana ndi gawo limodzi la bwalo a. Today mapazi - ndi 30,48 masentimita.

Kuyambira mawu Dutch kwa chala, amatenga dzina lake wagawo ichi monga inchi. Kodi poyamba anayezanso? Zinali wolingana ndi kutalika kwa mbewu balere atatu kapena zouma phalanx ya chala choyamba. Pakali pano, inchi imodzi ndi 2,54 masentimita ndi ntchito kudziŵa awiri mkati matayala, machubu ndi monga D..

Streamlining a dongosolo

Pofuna kupereka chomasuka kusintha kwa wagawo wina ndi mzake, mwa Lazaro matebulo wapadera afalitsidwa. Pa dzanja limodzi iwo anabweretsa njira wakale. Mayunitsi chiyambi yachilendo, amene anakomana ndi Russia, anaikidwa ndi chizindikiro ofanana. Mu tebulo omwewo, nabwera mayunitsi iwo amene akhala ntchito mu dziko.

Komabe, chisokonezo ndi dongosolo la miyeso mu Russia uyu sanali mapeto. M'mizinda yosiyanasiyana ntchito mayunitsi awo. Kutha kwa izi chinaikidwa yekha mu 1918, pamene Russia kugwiritsa dongosolo chinkafunika.

kuyeza buku

Munthu ayenera anayeza zedi thupi ndi madzi chochuluka. Kuti tichite zimenezi, anayamba ntchito zonse anali nacho kunyumba (ndowa, mitsuko ndi makontena zina).

Kodi muyeso wakale wa miyeso buku zinachitika mu Russia? matupi lotayirira, makolo athu Anayesa:

1. Osminnikom kapena Osmino. Izi ankapoperamo wakale wofanana malita 104,956. A mawu ofanana ntchito ndi dera limene linali mita lalikulu 1365,675. Osmino woyamba kutchulidwa zikalata cha m'ma 15. Ambiri ntchito ku Russia chifukwa cha zothandiza zake, monga zinali kuchuluka kwa kawiri zosakwana kotala. Panalinso ena muyezo wa muyeso. Iye ndi akasinja, amene linalanda chitsulo kupalasa. Mapira udzathiridwa mu kuyeza Osmino uppers. Pambuyo ntchito zili wopalasa kupanga m'mphepete yokonza. Zitsanzo muli ofanana za mkuwa ndi kutumizidwa kudutsa Russia.

2. Kupeza, kapena kadyu. Izi akasinja kuyeza anali ofanana m'zaka 16-17. Posachedwapa, anakumana kawirikawiri. Maunyolo anali muyeso waukulu matupi lotayirira la Russia. Ndipo dzina la wagawo amachokera okwana migolo wapadera (oponderamo), amene anali kusinthidwa kwa muyeso wa. Kuyeza chikho pamwamba snug zitsulo hoop kuti kukhale kovuta kudula m'mbali kuchenjera ndi kugulitsa yocheperako kuchuluka kwa mbewu.

3. kotala. Izi muyeso buku ntchito kudziwa kuchuluka kwa ufa, dzinthu ndi mbewu. Tsiku ndi tsiku kotala pa katundu anali kufalitsa onse, monga anali bwino kukula (1/4 fetter). Izi unit wa muyeso ntchito mu Russia kwa 14 zaka mazana 19.

4. Kul. Izi akale muyeso Russian umagwiritsidwa ntchito zipangizo granular, wofanana 5-9 pudam. Akatswiri ena amaganiza kuti mawu akuti "Thumba" kamodzi amatanthauza "ubweya". Mawu amenewa ntchito muli sewn khungu nyama. muli Kenako ofanana yopangidwa ndi zisulo zitsulo nsalu.

5. zidebe. Chotero muyeso wa makolo athu anatsimikiza kuchuluka kwa madzi. Iye akhapidziwa kuti chidebe aikidwa mu makapu ndi kugula 8, aliyense buku lomwe ndi 10 Charka.

6. mbiya. Chotero unit amalonda Russian ntchito pamene kugulitsa vinyo kwa alendo. Iye akhapidziwa kuti mbiya uli zitini 10.

7. miphika. Izi mphika wa dongo wapeza ntchito zake muyeso wa buku la vinyo. M'madera osiyana Lazaro korchaga ranged ku malita 12 mpaka 15.

muyeso wa kulemera

Old Russian dongosolo la miyeso m'gulu, ndipo unit kuona misa. Popanda kunali kosatheka malonda ntchito. Pali zosiyanasiyana wakale muyeso misa kayesedwe. Pakati pawo:

1. spool. Poyamba mawu zimenezi zikutanthauza zing'onozing'ono zagolide ndalama, ndilo unit wa muyeso. Poyerekeza ake kulemera ndi nkhani zina zamtengo wapatali, wapatali zitsulo chiyero anatsimikiza, ku chimene anazipangira.

2. Pud. Izi woyezera kulemera wofanana 3840 ndipo zinagwirizana kuti spool makilogalamu 16,3804964. Ngakhale Ivan Grozny analamula kuti kulemera china chilichonse pudovschikov yekha. Ndipo kuyambira 1797, pambuyo lamulo poyeza, anayamba kutulutsa zolemera ozungulira lolingana pudam wina ndi awiri.

3. Berkovets. Dzina mayunitsi ichi misa anachokera ku Sweden malonda m'tauni Bjerke. Wina wolingana berkovets pudam makilogalamu 10 kapena 164. Poyamba, zimenezi yaikulu kukula amalonda ntchito kudziwa kulemera kwa phula ndi uchi.

4. Gawanani. Izi unit wa muyeso mu Russia anali wamng'ono. kulemera kwake kunali 14.435 mg, amene angayerekezedwe ndi 1/96 wa spool lapansi. Nthawi zambiri, chiwerengero ntchito mints lapansi.

5. mapaundi. Poyamba, unit ya muyeso wa kulemera ankatchedwa "hryvnia lapansi." mtengo wake unali wolingana ndi spool 96. Kuyambira 1747, a mapaundi anakhala Buku kulemera, umene ntchito mpaka 1918

kuyeza m'dera

Ena mfundo akhala anausankha makolo athu, ndi kudziwa phindu la dziko. Izi wakale muyeso miyeso dera, kuphatikizapo:

1. lalikulu miles. Kutchulidwa kwa wagawo ichi, wofanana 1,138 sq. makilomita, opezeka mu zolemba chibwenzi ku zaka 11-17.

2. Chakhumi. Izi wokalamba Russian wagawo, lomwe kufunika limafanana 2400 sq. meters olimapo. Pakali pano, chakhumi ndi mahekitala 1,0925. Limeneli liyenera ntchito cha m'ma 14. Iye ankatchedwa ndi rectangle amene mbali anali 80 30 kapena fathoms 60 40. chakhumi Izi ankaona breech ndiponso wakhala muyeso waukulu wa nthaka.

3. kotala. Izi muyeso olimapo anali unit, yomwe ndi maekala theka. Amadziwika kotala kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka 15, ndipo ntchito zake boma mpaka 1766 dzina lake, gulu ili walandira kuchokera kudera la miyeso, chimene chingalowe kubzala rye kuchuluka kwa ¼ buku qadi.

4. Soha. Izi m'dera unit wa muyeso ntchito mu Russia kuyambira pa 13 mpaka zaka 17. Ife tinkakonda kwa msonkho kulipira misonkho. Ndipo mitundu yambiri ya khasu, malinga ndi kukula kwa dziko yabwino. Choncho, gulu ili linali:

- kutumikira munali kumpanda 800 momveka yolima;
- Mpingo (600 kumpanda);
- wakuda (400 kumpanda).

Pofuna kudziwa angati Cox likupezeka mu State Russian, anachititsa kalembera taxpaying mayiko. Ndipo okha 1678-1679 gg. unit a m'dera wakhala m'malo ndi chiwerengero cha bwalo.

The ntchito yamakono ya miyeso akale

Pa ena mayunitsi, tanthauzo la buku, m'dera ndi mtunda, zomwe ankagwiritsa ntchito ndi makolo athu, ife tikudziwa lero. Mwachitsanzo, m'mayiko ena, kutalika akadali amaona mailosi, mitunda, mapazi ndi mainchesi, ndi ntchito pophikira ndi mapaundi spool.

Komabe, ambiri a mayunitsi wakale nafe ntchito zolembalemba, nkhani zakale ndi miyambi.