Ivan Moskvitin: yonena ndiponso achita

The kwambiri Russian wofufuza ndi adventurer Ivan Moskvitin, kukhala mmodzi wa kanjedza ndi kiyi chitukuko cha Far East ndi Siberia, wasiya mudziwe zambiri za moyo wake. Kosatha chobisika kwa ife osati tsatanetsatane, chosonyeza mbali maonekedwe ake, komanso ambiri a biographies lapansi. Ndipo komabe, ntchito kwa Russia kwambiri moti losavuta Tomsk Cossacks - Ivan Moskvitin chopereka kwa sayansi Hrs alidi kwambiri - mpaka kalekale analowa mbiri ya Russia.

Nthawi ya anagonjetsa maiko atsopano

Mu mmasate za m'ma XVII anali chochitika yogwira mayiko sankadziwika atagona kutsidya lina la Great Ural. Poyambira ofufuza za m'nthawi ya anali ku Yakutsk. Ndi pano pa ulendo wawo mu apaulendo osadziwika wosimidwa. Malangizo waukulu detachments kayendedwe awiri - kumpoto ndi kum'mwera kwa Lena Mtsinje. Amadziwika kuti wandiweyani nayonso m'mphepete mwa madzi ndi akhala ntchito mauthenga masoka njira.

Ivan Moskvitin, zaka za moyo umene unagwa pa nthawi iyi, anali mmodzi wa atsogoleri awo kusimidwa kuti chakumwa mpweya unexplored m'mbali. Anali ndi maganizo amodzi - Tomsk Ataman wotchedwa Dmitry Epifanovich Kopal. Ife sanawauze mpumulo mphekesera kuti penapake kum'mawa pali nyanja ofunda. N'zovuta kunena chifukwa icho chinali kutchedwa ndendende ofunda - mwina kusonkhana ndi dzuwa, uko mmawa uliwonse. Koma kufika gombe, kunali koyenera kuti asamukire osati padziko mtsinje, ndipo njira yake kwa zaka zambiri, untrodden nayonso.

Chiyambi cha ulendo wa

Ndipo pano mu 1637 ndi detachment wa Cossacks Kopal anasamukira ku kum'mawa, pamodzi ndi iwo unapita mnzake - Tomsk Cossack Ivan Moskvitin. History sanasunge kapena tsiku lake la kubadwa, palibe zokhudza njira zimene Ambuye anamutengera Tomsk. Munthu angathe amanena kokha pamaziko a dzina la bambo ake. Mu masiku akale anaganiza kulemekeza anthu pa malo a kubadwa kwa awo, kapena makolo awo mwamsanga. Choncho n'zotheka ndithu kuganiza kuti ngati inu simutero Ivan yekha, bambo ake ndi agogo anali ku Moscow mayiko.

Popeza anayamba mu Tomsk, anafika Yakutsk, ndipo anapitiriza kusuntha kum'mawa. Tisanafotokoze wofufuza chozama kunkhalango, anagwiritsira ntchito ankadziwa bwino waterway. Pofunafuna "m'mayiko ena" (Monga tafotokozera zikalata a chi), ndi nyanja ofunda, anzake anapita mpaka mu 1638 ndi Lena mtsinje tributary ake Aldana, ndipo pa izo kwa masabata asanu akukwera, kusunthira wake Struga ntchito zingwe ndi mizati. Kuchita izo njira zovuta Cossacks anafika pakamwa pa nayonso wina mtsinje, wotchedwa May - ndi tributary lamanja la Aldan.

Mfundo yoyamba za Amur Mtsinje

Pano, nayonso m'chipululu, anakumana ndi Ula, weniweni - pa nthawi msonkhano amenewa anali mu dongosolo. Mothandizidwa ndi wotanthauzira Semyon Petrov, makamaka zajambulidwa kumuwombera chifukwa cha Zikatero, Kopal anaphunzira wamatsenga nkhalango, kuti kum'mwera, basi kupitirira lokwera la imayamba mtsinje waukulu, umene akomweko otchedwa Circolo. Koma uthenga chachikulu chinali chakuti, malinga Ula ndi, anakhala pa magombe ake ambiri "atakhala", kuti ndi anthu amangokhala, chinkhoswe ng'ombe kuswana ndi ulimi. Choncho nthawi yoyamba anthu mwayekha tamva za kwambiri Siberia Amur Mtsinje.

Koma cholinga chachikulu cha ulendo wa - nyanja ofunda, komabe wotchedwa Cossacks kum'mawa. Mu May 1639 Ataman zokuzira kufunafuna njira kuti ankasirira "Nyanja Ocean" vanguard lotsogoleredwa ndi Ivan Moskvitin anaukitsidwa. yonena wake ndi chosakwanira ndi kugula pa mfundo Komabe, imabereka M'nkhani ya mwatsatanetsatane. Amadziwika kuti lamulo lake anali atatu dazeni kwa kwambiri wokhulupirika ndi ozindikira Cossacks. Komanso, kuwathandiza iwo wolembedwawo amatsogolera - Evenki.

Mtsinjewo Mae

Monga yapafupi ya wachiwiri wake Ivan Moskvitin anatenga anthu a Yakutsk Cossack Kolobov. dzina lake mbe mu mbiri chifukwa chakuti mu 1646 iye ndi bwana wake, mfumu anapereka lipoti lolembedwa za sachita mu ulendo wa. chikalata ichi, wotchedwa "Skaskiv" wakhala chofunika kwambiri mbiri ya zochitika kugwirizana ndi kutsegula kwa nyanja ya Okhotsk. Mu kumuwombera analowa komanso womasulira - kale Simon Petrov.

Choncho anapanga gulu anapitiriza njira kuti lathyathyathya pansi Mae raft - lalikulu ndi wotakasuka bwato. Koma vuto ndi kuti pafupifupi mazana awiri makilomita kutali kwambiri njira anayenera kokani iye chingwe chabwazi chingwe, anakakamizika mwa m'nkhalango m'mphepete mwa nyanja wandiweyani. Pakapita masabata asanu ndi njira katundu Cossacks anafika zina nayonso mtsinje - yopapatiza ndi osaya Nyudymi.

Njira lokwera Dzhugdzhur

Panali kusiyana ndi lalikulu, koma katundu ndi zosamveka raft, ndi kumanga makasu angapo kuwala. Iwo apaulendo anafika mtsinje chapamwamba. Pa njira Ivan Moskvitin mwachidule anafotokoza zonse zimene adaziwona inflows Lena Mai ndi Nyudymi, amene anali pambuyo pake kulemba mapu a m'derali.

Patsogolo pawo anali wobiriwira kutsogolo, yokutidwa ndi m'nkhalango ya paini, otsika chindipitirire lokwera dzina la Dzhugdzhur. Ichi chinali chinthu chofunikira njira - mapiri analekanitsa mtsinje za thupi dongosolo Lena anthu kuyenda kwa zinthuzo "nyanja -. Nyanja" Pochitika Ivan Moskvin ndi asilikali ake anawoloka patsiku, kusiya khasu, natenga iwo okha katundu wochepa.

Uko cha ku mtsinje Houllier

Pa otsetsereka zosiyana iwo kachiwiri anakumana ndi mtsinje - yapang'onopang'ono ndiponso osaya, kupanga pa njira yake lonse kuzungulira pamaso kugwirizana ndi Uloy - mmodzi wa Sea beseni Okhotsk. Ine ndimayenera pa nkhwangwa, ndi kukhala bwino kachiwiri Struga. Koma tsopano mtsinje yokha amathandiza apaulendo. Ngati mudakali chiuli mtsinje, iwo ankayenera kuti angakokere ndekha mabwato awo, koma tsopano, kutsika, inu tingalandire yochepa zina.

masiku asanu ndi atatu patsogolo pa phokoso lililonse anamvedwa chenjezo la njira ya mathithi phompho ndi woopsa, zomwe anauzidwa amatsogolera - Evenki. Amene anadzazidwa mumtsinjewo miyala anatambasula pa mtunda wautali, ndi anafunikiranso kuponya panopa chikhasu, ndipo akugwa katundu, kuyenda ndipo nayonso kuwoloka. Pamwamba pa mavuto a Cossacks ndi nthawi iyi anali pa chakudya ndi kuligonjetsa nkhokwe zake likuvutika zachilengedwe sikunali kotheka - mtsinjewo unali bezrybnoy, ndi pa m'mphepete mwake ankatha kusonkhanitsa zipatso ochepa prigorshen.

Njira yaitali kuti nyanja

Koma Musataye mtima Cossacks, ndi chitsanzo kwa iwo anali Ivan Moskvitin. Zaka moyo anakhala mu nayonso m'mphepete, kumulangiza kuti akhale amphamvu. Kudutsa ndi yoopsa ya mtsinje, iwo kachiwiri kuchita chinthu mwachizolowezi kale - yomanga maboti. nthawi iyi, anamanga bwato chifukwa timu pasadakhale, ndi kwa wina aliyense - lalikulu ndi lolemera zoyendera bwato, angathe kukhala malo ogona anthu makumi atatu ndi katundu lonse la ulendo wa. Posakhalitsa anafika pa olemera ndi wolemera mu nsomba za mumtsinje Lama. Ngati pamaso pa Cossacks anali kudya makungwa, udzu ndi mizu, ino ndi nthawi kuti atsimikize nsomba chakudya.

Patapita masiku asanu, chochitika zinachitika, amene anakhala gawo la mbiri la madera dziko - Ivan Moskvitin ndi chipani chake anafika nyanja ya Okhotsk. njira yonse kuchokera mkamwa mwa Mtsinje wa May kuti "Nyanja-Ocean" anagwidwa mu miyezi iwiri. Kumbukirani kuti chifukwa adathamanga kale uncharted dera osiyana adamfunsa ndi apaulendo oyima pafupipafupi. Chifukwa, mu August 1639 ofufuza Russian nthawi yoyamba m'mbiri anafika kumpoto cha kumadzulo kwa Pacific Ocean - nyanja ya Okhotsk.

Chiyambi cha phunziro Coast

M'dzinja anabwera. Wa wintering anaperekedwa pa mtsinje Houllier, gulu la Cossacks anapita kumpoto kuphunzira ndi kufotokoza za m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Zonse zochita zawo kunachitika Ivan Moskvitin. Muzipereka kwa sayansi Hrs kuika patsogolo kwa gulu ili, anali kwambiri. Iwo atalandira ndi mtunda wa makilomita oposa mazana asanu, imene kujambula zinachitika. A mbali yaikulu ya msewu zinachitidwa ndi nyanja pa bwato.

Zochitika zasonyeza kufunika paulendo anamanga ziwiya lalikulu ndi odalirika, ndi kuyenda zina Cossacks anamanga tiwiri koma amphamvu koch okonzeka ndi masts ndi matanga. Choncho, yozizira zaka 1639-1640 chinaikidwa wophiphiritsa chiyambi cha pomanga Pacific zombo.

M'chaka chipani lonse tidapita nyanja kum'mwera ndipo anafika Sakhalin Bay. Seaway Ivana Moskvitina ndi gulu lake wakhalanso anafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane, komanso dziko lawo la kuyendayenda. Chile kugombe la nyanja ya Okhotsk kwa zikwi mazana asanu makilomita, kwa nthawi yoyamba mu mbiri anali atamaliza kuphunzira anthu Russian.

Kunja kwa mzinda wa wamkulu Siberia mtsinje

Mu ulendo wake Ivan Moskvitin anabwera pafupi m'kamwa mwa Amur Mtsinje, koma iye sakanakhoza kulowa. Pa panali zifukwa ziwiri - njala, anakakamizika n'zosiyana wa ofufuza wolimba, atsogoleri ndi nkhani za chikhalidwe aukali kwambiri cha anthu okhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Kuyesera kulowa nawo motero kubwezeretsanso m'matangadza chakudya chinali kuopsa kwambiri, chifukwa anaganiza kuti abwerere. M'chaka cha 1641 ndi Cossacks anawoloka chachiwiri lokwera Dzhugdzhur, ndipo anapita kwa mmodzi wa makhwawa a mtsinje May. Mu July chaka chomwecho chipani lonse kubwerera mwamtendere kwa Yakutsk.

Kuyambira nayonso m'chipululu - Moscow

Documents a nthawi imeneyo inanena kuti Ivan Moskvitin, kutsegula kwa amene chikuzika Yakut akuluakulu, iye analimbikitsa kuti Achipentekoste, ndipo Cossacks yake zaka zinayi ntchito ndi kulandidwa umafunika analandira - kuchokera rubles ziwiri mpaka zisanu. Komabe, wolemekezeka kwambiri anali Komanso anapereka kwa nsalu. Mu 1646 Moskvitina seconded kwa Moscow kuti akauze mfumuyo. Choncho kwa nthawi yoyamba mu likulu kuti anaphunzira za ulendo ndi kugombe la nyanja ya Okhotsk. Ndinafika kunyumba wapaulendo wolimba, kale mu udindo wa mtsogoleri.

Kuti akagonjetse mopitirira wa dziko lotseguka, iye analimbikitsa kutumiza lalikulu detachment nkhondo, analipo anthu zosachepera zikwi khumi ndi mfuti chakudya chokwanira. Malinga ndi umboni wake, masamba amene anali modabwitsa wolemera nsomba ndi ubweya nyama zomwe zikhoza kubweretsa ndalama kwambiri ku cuma.

Apa mwina ndi malangizo amene anasiya Ivan Moskvitin. Zaka moyo wa munthuyu ndi imfa sankawadziwa, koma kosatha mbiri ya dzina lake ndi chopereka kuti wapanga mu chitukuko cha Kummawa. ntchito yake anapitiriza ndi anzake, pakati pawo mmodzi wa anthu otchuka kwambiri chinali VD Poyarkov. Mosakayikira, ndi Mwambi Ivana Moskvitina ndi otsatira ake kuonetsedwa ndi mawu a Khristu: ". Funafunani ndipo mudzapeza" Ndipo iwo anapita kukafuna zosadziwika ndi mtunda nayonso, ndi pa thambo lalikulu la nyanja.