Keyala History: kuchokera umaŵirikiza nthaŵi zitatu ndi imelo. Njiwa positi. Mapositi kadi. makalata yobereka

Anthu nthawi zonse kusinthitsa zambiri. N'chifukwa chake mbiri positi inayamba kale kubwera kwa kulemba ndi makalata bwino kwa munthu wamakono. Kale, chifukwa kufala kwa mawu uthenga ntchito. njira likugwiritsidwa m'madera ena ku Middle Ages. Mwachitsanzo, mu Inca kwa zaka zambiri, panali othamanga-criers kufalitsa uthenga wa likulu, kuyenda kuzungulira dziko kupyolera misewu nthambi phiri. Patapita nthawi, ntchito kalata knotted, mmene mfundo chonyamulira anali zingwe ndi chingwe.

mapale

Dongosolo loyamba kulemba m'njira chakale mawu - zakale. Ndi maonekedwe ake za 3 zikwi zaka BC. e. mbiri positi kwapita ku gawo lina. Zolemba inafikira anthu onse a ku Mesopotamiya: Sumerians, Akkadians, Ababulo, Ahiti.

Makalata anasonyeza ndodo matabwa mapale, pamene dongo anapitiriza softness ake. Chifukwa yeniyeni khalidwe mphero chida adanyamuka shtrishki. Envulopu akalata monga zopangidwa dongo. Kuwerenga uthengawo, wolandira munasiya "phukusi."

The mbiri yakale wa makalata kwa nthawi yaitali pafupifupi osadziwika. Great chopereka cha phunziro apangana kutsegula kwa laibulale ya otsiriza kwambiri Asuri mfumu Ashabanipalu, amene analamulira VII. BC. e. Pa malamulo ake, kubwerera anapangidwa kuchokera mapale 25,000. Mwa malemba zakale zinali zikalata za kuboma ndi muyezo makalata. laibulale linatsegulidwa m'zaka za m'ma XIX. Chifukwa anapeza wapadera tikhoza chinawathandiza kumvetsa n'chakuti samveka pamaso omasulira zakale.

Zipolopolo ndi zojambula

Huron Indian fuko ankachitira ndi mikanda ya zipolopolo. Iwo kuziluka pa ulusi, ndipo kotero kalata lonse. Aliyense mbale anali ndi mtundu wina. Black kuphedwa, wofiira - nkhondo, wachikasu - .. msonkho, etc. Luso kuwerenga malamba izi achikuda yomwe ndi mwayi wapadera komanso nzeru.

mbiri Keyala chinachitika ndi "Yojambulidwa" siteji. Pamaso kalata, anthu aphunzira kudzatunga. Rock kupenta mwa zitsanzo wakale, amene lero zimapezeka m'mapanga akutali, ndi mtundu wa mail, akuguba kuti kopita ano mibadwo. Pantchito Language ndi mphini akadali zimasungika m'mafuko akutali ku Polynesia.

Zilembo ndi makalata nyanja

dongosolo lake lapadera kulemba anali ndi Aiguputo akale. Komanso, yapangidwa ndi njiwa positi. Kusamutsa Aiguputo ntchito hieroglyphics zambiri. Kuli kudziwika ndi chakuti mtundu uwu adalenga zinachitika loyamba la zilembo. Pakati pa anthu osiyanasiyana, anaŵerengera anali otchulidwa, popereka zomvetsera (panali 24).

M'tsogolo, mfundo ya kubisa anayamba anthu ena a kum'mawa kalelo. Woyamba zilembo yake ankaona zilembo, amene anaonekera mu mzinda wa Ugarit pa dera la Syria ano padziko m'ma XV. BC. e. Kenako, dongosolo ofanana yafalikira zinenero zina Ayuda.

zilembo zake zinali ku Foinike. Izi wamalonda anthu otchuka chifukwa shipbuilders aluso. Oyendetsa ndi makalata mu madera ambiri mu madera osiyana a Mediterranean. Pamaziko a zilembo Foinike anayambitsa Chiaramu ndi Chigiriki alifabeti, kumene tinachokera pafupifupi onse kulemba kachitidwe kamakono.

angarum

Angarum - Persian wakale positi utumiki, unakhazikitsidwa Achaemenid Ufumu wa VI. BC. e. Mtanda unaonetseratu mfumu yake Cyrus II Wamkulu. Isanafike kuti yobereka makalata kuchokera kumalekezero a boma kuti wina akanakhoza kutenga miyezi, zomwe singakwaniritse akuluakulu.

Mu masiku a Koresi anaonekera hangars (zotchedwa kavalo amtokoma). Post zambiri panthawi imeneyo anapereka stirrings loyamba la makalata a karate, alipo lero. Motalikitsa msewu angarum anathamangira ku Susa kwa Sarde, ndi kutalika kwake kunali makilomita 2500. Ikulu njira unagawidwa mazana okwerera kumene akavalo anasintha ndi amtokoma. Dongosolo ili nchito ya mafumu Persian seamlessly kusamutsa malamulo masatarapi wake m'maiko malekezero a ufumuwo.

Pamene Koresi II m'malo Dariyo I Mafumu Highway, amene wagona kuwagulitsa kwambiri moti chitsanzo cha chipembedzo chake (ndi zambiri angarum) mu boma anatengerapo mwayi dzina lake Aleksandr Makedonsky, mafumu a Aroma, ndipo ngakhale Charles, amene analamulira akale Wachifulanki Ufumu m'zaka za m'ma IX inamangidwa.

Nyengo Roma

Monga taonera, zilembo za Chiroma ndipo mbiri positi kwambiri ngati Persian. Mu Republic, ndipo kenako mu Ufumu analipo kufanana boma ndi oziyimila paokha dongosolo mauthenga. inawo chifukwa cha ntchito nthumwi ambiri, amene iwo wolembedwawo (kapena ntchito ngati akapolo) patricians wolemera.

Pachimake Ufumu wa Roma yokutidwa m'gawo lalikulu mu magawo atatu a dziko. Ndi maukonde limodzi misewu nthambi kale mu I m'ma AD, izo anali otetezeka kutumiza kalata ku Syria kwa Spain kapena ku Iguputo kwa Gau. Small siteshoni, kumene ine ndinali pa kavalo, akhala anakonza pa mtunda wa makilomita angapo. Phukusi kunyamulidwa ndi amtokoma okwera mahatchi, ntchito ngolo katundu.

Kwambiri mofulumira komanso zothandiza boma positi analipo okha makalata boma. Kenako adayamba anapereka chilolezo chapadera ntchito dongosolo oyendayenda akuluakulu ndi ansembe Mkhristu. State kuyang'anira positi pafupi ndi Mfumu ya mfumu Pilato, ndipo kuyambira zaka IV - Master officiorum.

Ulaya

Atagwa mu Ufumu wa Roma wakale makalata dongosolo anakomoka. Posts zitsulo anaperekedwa ndi mavuto kwambiri. Chinalepheretsa malire, kupanda misewu ndi kunyalanyaza, upandu ndi kutha kwa limodzi ndi ulamuliro waukulu. uthenga Mail wakhala oipitsitsa ndi zikamera wa feudalism. nzika Large zambiri mlandu chindapusa yaikulu kuyenda pa gawo ake, amene ndi zovuta kwambiri amtokoma ntchito.

Yekha ngakhale pang'ono centralized bungwe mu Europe kumayambiriro Ages Middle, mpingo anakhalabe. Mchitidwe umenewu, malaibulale, mipingo ndi matupi utsogoleri tikuchisowa mu kuwombola zonse wa uthenga kwambiri lalikulu la Europe unagawanika ndale. Kwa gulu la makalata anayamba dongosolo lonse wauzimu. Nthawi zambiri, makalata zofunika World Old anali kuwatumiza Chimonko kuyendayenda ndi ansembe, amene cassock ndi udindo zauzimu zambiri njira yabwino kuteteza vuto ndi alendo.

atumiki ake makampani anaonekera pa mayunivesite, amene amakopeka ophunzira ochokera zosiyanasiyana m'mbali. Makamaka sukulu amtokoma wotchuka wa Naples, Bologna, Toulouse ndi Paris. Iwo liaise pakati pa ophunzira ndi mabanja awo.

Ambiri akufunika amalonda positi ndi osema. Popanda kupatsana mauthenga olembedwa ndi amuna awo, sakanatha kukhazikitsa malonda ndi malonda. Munthu mabungwe wamalonda makalata adanyamuka padziko mabungwe ndi mafakitale mayanjano zina za malonda. Muyezo wa totere dongosolo wakhala analengedwa Venice, amene malonda ojambula kugwirizana akale Republic osati ku Ulaya komanso ku mayiko akutali mbali ina ya Mediterranean.

Mu Italy ndi Germany, kumene bungwe ufulu mizinda kupangidwa, anawonjezera ogwira m'tawuni makalata. othamanga zawo zinali mu Mainz, Cologne, Nordgauzena, Breslau, Augsburg ndi zina zotero. D. Iwo anakamba ngati makalata a boma komanso kutumiza anthu wamba kulipira ntchito pa tariff ena.

Coachmen ndi umaŵirikiza nthaŵi zitatu

Ndiyamika "The nthano za Tsar Saltan" Aleksandra Pushkina ana ake onse anamva mawu akuti: "Akupita ndi kalata mtumiki." makalata zoweta unachokera mu nthawi Kievan Lazaro. Kufunika kwa dongosolo la kuwombola makalata wakhala zogwirizana ndi dziko lathu chifukwa m'madera waukulu. Kwambiri kumadzulo kwa Ulaya ndipo ananyezimiritsa mtunda ranges kwa atumiki Russian ndi tingaganize kuti alendo.

M'nthawi ya Ivana Groznogo amtokoma ndi tsar anali pochitika pa tsiku la wamtunda wokwana milingo zana limodzi, zomwe zinali zovuta kufotokoza kwa anthu achilendo. Mu XIII - XVIII zaka. positi okwerera ku Russia anaitanidwa maenje. Iwo anali ndi akavalo ndi ntchito alendo.

Panalinso otchedwa coachman utumiki. Unafalikira anthu a m'zigawo za kusodza. Alimi kutumikira ntchito yawo, tinali kukonza mayendedwe a akuluakulu a boma, oimira ndi katundu. Mwambo umenewu anali kufalitsa Chitata Mongolia pa goli lawo pa maukulu Asilavo East. M'zaka za m'ma XVI Yamskoy kuti anaonekera mu boma Russian. analogue Izi Utumiki ankachita nawo makalata komanso ndi zochitika msonkho. A kochepa akuti: "Akupita ndi kalata Mtumiki" Sitinganene auze zovuta za bizinesi lofotokoza mu akale Russia.

Pafupi zaka mazana awiri zapitazo, panali raznoallyurnye wotchuka akukwera akavalo atatu. Iwo sizinkayendera kunja mwachindunji kuyenda pa mtunda wautali. Pa mbali ya crotch kavalo gallop, ndi chapakati kutsinde kavalo Anayamba Maulendo Ataliatali anagwidwa. Ndiyamika kasinthidwe lino malire kwa nthawi liwiro la makilomita 45-50 paola.

Kuyambira mabogi kwa njanji ndi steamships

Centralized machitidwe Royal Mail anaonekera mu England, Sweden, France ndi maiko ena olemera mu zaka XVI-XVII. Ndiponso kufunika kukula kwa zida ILD.

Kumayambiriro kwa Zapakati ndi Masiku Ano ku England kufalitsa stagecoaches. mphunzitsi Izi pang'onopang'ono m'malo amtokoma yosavuta kavalo. Pomaliza, anapata dziko nawonekera m'madera onse a dziko, kuchokera ku Australia America. Kubwera kwa makalata ophimba mu mzinda kapena m'mudzi, inanena ndi nyanga wapadera.

Wina kunasintha chitukuko cha machitidwe kulankhulana zinachitika m'zaka za m'ma XIX mkubwela kwa njanji ndi makampani kutumiza. A mtundu watsopano zoyendera madzi kukhazikika bwino mu gulu la British-Indian-mail. Mwachindunji kuti magawowa kupita kum'mawa British yokonzedwa yomanga ndi Suez Canal ku Egypt, amene zombo sangapite mozungulira Africa.

mailboxes

Pali Mabaibulo angapo pamene anadza olandirira makalata choyamba. Pa chimodzi cha izo zikhoza kuonedwa kuti lobbies zimenezi, anapereka ku Florence m'zaka za m'ma XVI. Iwo anaikidwa pafupi mipingo - waukulu pagulu malo a mzinda. Matabwa bokosi ndi kudula pamwamba lalembedwa popereka ndi chidzudzulo anonymous, imene inanena analakwira boma.

Komanso m'zaka za m'ma XVI, mumaganiza awa anali amalinyero. Mu lirilonse la madera British ndi Dutch anali olandirira makalata awo. Mothandizidwa ndi luso ofufuza ngati wadutsa makalata kuti ngalawa zina.

French anayambitsa bokosi la makalata imatengedwa Renoir de A Vilayat. Ndipo Iye anathana ndi vuto makalata pakati pa Paris. Mu zaka za m'ma XVII ku likulu French panali anayi positi ofesi, koma iwo sanathe kulimbana ndi nthenda yaikulu makalata nzika wamba. Renoir de A Vilayat anali membala wa Boma ndi Academy National wa Sciences. Polumikiza luso komanso chuma utsogoleri (Maganizo a Mfumu Louis XIV), mu 1653 iye anayambitsa unsembe wa mailboxes lonse Paris, omwe savutika utumiki positi. Zachilendo msanga anagwira pa likulu ndi kufalikira ku mizinda ina.

Mbiri ya Russian-mail kwambiri moti mailboxes m'dera anaonekera yekha mu 1848. Woyamba zodabwitsa zambiri unakhazikitsidwa mu Moscow ndi St. Petersburg. Poyamba, kamangidwe zinali za matabwa, ndiye anali m'malo ndi zitsulo. Kuti magalimoto mwamsanga ntchito mailboxes, utoto wowala lalanje mtundu.

masitampu

The nthawi yapano ku New dongosolo lonse positi anali zolakwa zambiri. Kiyi pakati pawo ndi kunena kuti milandu chifukwa chotumiza maphukusi anakhala knotted ngakhale zaluso aliyense panali ndi luso. Kwa nthawi yoyamba vuto wakhala kuthetsedwa mu UK. Mu 1840 anaonekera oyambirira a zopangidwa tsopano odziwika - "wakuda khobiri". kumasulidwa ake kugwirizana ndi oyamba tariffs chifukwa chotumiza maimelo.

Anayambitsa chilengedwe cha mtunduwu anakhala Rowland Hill ndale. chithunzi anali lalembedwa ndi mtundu mbiri ya mnyamata Mfumukazi Victoria. Luso munakhala ndipo kuyambira pamenepo aliyense envelopu kalatayo okonzeka ndi chizindikiro chapadera. Zomata anaonekera m'mayiko ena. Kusintha kwachititsa kuwonjezeka kwambiri chiwerengero cha makalata otumiza mu UK kuposa kawiri pa chaka chimodzi loyamba anasintha epochal.

Mu Russia, mtundu anaonekera mu 1857. Chizindikiro choyamba cha wotumizira ofunika pa masenti 10. The sitampu mutu mphungu anafaniziridwa. Pakuti makope anasankha chizindikiro ichi heraldic, lomwe ndi chizindikiro cha Keyala Dipatimenti ya ufumuwo. bungwe anayesetsa kukhala ndi mumaganiza Western. Mail USSR komanso tcheru kwambiri zopangidwa. Soviet Kutumiza Malipiro zizindikiro anaonekera mu 1923.

mapositi kadi

Bwino mapositi kadi anatuluka ndi posachedwapa. Khadi woyamba wa mtundu uwu anaonekera mu 1869 ku Austria-Hungary. Posakhalitsa, mtundu umenewu wakhala anapambana kutchuka Europe lonse. Izo zinachitika pa Franco-Prussian Nkhondo ya 1870-1871. Asilikaliwo French anayamba massively kutumiza achibale awo ikusonyezera mapositi kadi.

Frontline mafashoni anali pomwepo intercepted ndi amalonda. Patapita miyezi ingapo mapositi kadi anamukwiyira misa opangidwa ku England, Denmark, Belgium ndi Netherlands. khadi woyamba Russia a unayambitsidwa mu 1872. Ngakhale patapita zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi pa msonkhano wapadera zamitundu International Standard khadi anavomerezedwa mu Paris (9 masentimita yaitali, 14 masentimita lonse). Kenako anasintha kangapo. M'kupita kwa nthawi, panali subspecies wa mapositi khadi la: moni, mitundu, kubereka, zojambulajambula, malonda, ndale, etc ...

mumaganiza latsopano

Mu 1820, iye anatulukira envelopu mu UK. Pambuyo zaka 30, panali sitampu maphukusi. Mu zaka za m'ma XIX Kalatayo akhoza kuzungulira dziko kwa masiku 80-85. Kunyamuka inapita patsogolo pamene Trans-Siberia Railway chinamasulidwa mu Russia.

XIX atumwi zinali zodzaza ndi maonekedwe a siriyo telegalamu, telefoni ndi wailesi. Zikamera wa umisiri watsopano sasiya kufunika kuyimilira kwa ndiye makalata anthu. Telegraph ndipo amachita amathandiza kwambiri kuti chitukuko (m'madipatimenti onse a dziko pang'onopang'ono ophatikizana anali udindo awa mitundu iwiri ya kugwirizana).

Mu 1874, a Universal Keyala Union ndi Universal Keyala Congress msonkhano analengedwa. Cholinga cha mwambowu panali kusaina mgwilizano wa mayiko, womwe ukhale ndi anthuwo machitidwe makalata kufala padziko lonse. Pa msonkhano nawo oimira limati 22. Iwo anasaina Universal Keyala umodzi mgwirizano, posakhalitsa anadzatchedwa ndi Universal Keyala Convention. Chikalatachi mwachidule malamulo a Maulendo a mayiko kuwombola. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, positi mbiri ya Russia akupitiriza mu mzere ndi zamoyo padziko lonse utumiki positi.

chitukuko Aeronautics idayamba m'ma XIX. Kugonjetsedwa munthu mpweya zinachititsa kuti kutha kwa zopinga zilizonse chifukwa magalimoto lonse. Monga tanena, ngakhale chitukuko wakale ankadziwika kuti pamakalata apandege ake - njiwa. Mbalame ntchito ndi anthu kulankhulana ngakhale mu msinkhu wa patsogolo. Makamaka nkhunda anakhala singasiyanitsidwe pa nkhondo wamagazi. makalata nthenga zonse ntchito pa amadzibisa a Woyamba ndi Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World.

imelo

Masiku ano pali matanthauzo ambiri. Ndipo kuzitcha izo zambiri. Ndipo zimenezi zili zambiri. Lero ndi gwero lalikulu mudziwe, kuti amuchotse patsogolo. Kukwera kugwirizana zinachitika chifukwa cha kuonekera kwa Internet ndi njira zamakono zolankhulirana.

Masiku ano, bwino kwa mibadwo yambiri ya makalata anthu pepala pang'onopang'ono agonjera ku imelo. M'malo mwa bokosi chitsulo kwa envulopu anabwera e-mail, ndi malo ochezera palimodzi anawononga ziphunzitso za mtunda. Ngati zaka makumi awiri zapitazo Internet chinaoneka monga chudacheskaya zosangalatsa, tsopano popanda zovuta kuganizira moyo wa munthu masiku ano. Zilipo ngati amagetsi imelo aliyense ophatikizapo zamoyo zaka zambirimbiri ndi pafupifupi zonse jerks zosiyanasiyana ndi kudumpha.