Khazars - ndani uyu? Khazars, Pechenegs ndi Apolisi

Pamene mau akuti, "Oleg Mneneri akusonkhanitsidwa kuti abwezerere Khazars zopanda nzeru." Kodi iwo anali otsika kwenikweni kwa Asilavo? Kodi tikudziwa chiyani za anthuwa?

Tiyeni tipeze mayankho a mafunso awa palimodzi.

Chinsinsi cha anthu osowa

Chifukwa cha zolemba zomwe zalembedwa mu Kievan Rus, tikudziwa kuti Prince Sviatoslav adawononga mizinda yayikuru ya Khazar Khaganate.

Sarkel, Semender ndi Itil anawonongedwa, ndipo boma la boma linawonongedwa. Pambuyo pa zaka za zana la 12, palibe chomwe chinanenedwa pa iwo konse. Zomwe zaposachedwapa zimasonyeza kuti anagwidwa ndi kugonjetsedwa ndi a Mongols.

Mpaka nthawi yomweyo - kuchokera m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chiwiri - Khazaria amalankhulidwa mu Chiarabu, Persian, Mkhristu. Mafumu ake amachititsa chidwi kwambiri m'madera a North Caucasus ndi stepies za Caspian m'deralo la Volga. Anthu oyandikana nawo ambiri amapereka msonkho kwa a Khazars.

Mpaka pano, anthu awa ali ndi chinsinsi, ndipo zambiri zazomwezi sizimasintha. Ochita kafukufuku amavutika chifukwa cha zochitika zapadera zomwe anthu akuwona.

Aarabu ali ndi mtunda wautali ndi nthawi, Aturkey ndi osiyana kwambiri, ndikuwonjezera apa a Byzantine, Ayuda, Slavic ndi Khazar. Mayina a mizinda nthawi zambiri amaperekedwa mu ndime imodzi mu chikhalidwe cha Chisilamu, mchilankhulo china - m'Chiheberi kapena ku Turkic. Izi zikutanthauza kuti pali mizinda yambiri, chifukwa sizinatheke kuti tiyese kuyerekezera mitundu yonse. Komanso kupeza zotsalira za midzi yonse yayikulu.

Poyang'ana makalata, izo zimapangitsa chisokonezo chonse ndi zopanda pake. M'mafotokozedwe a mfumu ya mzindawo - yaikulu, makilomita 500, ndipo mapiri ali ang'onoang'ono. Mwinanso, izi ndi mbali ya kutalika kwa maulendo. A Khazars, a Pechenegs, Apolisi ankawona ngati masiku akuyenda, ndipo adasiyanitsa kutalika kwa msewu m'mapiri ndi m'chigwa.
Kodi izi zinachitika bwanji? Tiyeni timvetse pang'onopang'ono.

Zimaganizira za chiyambi

Pakatikati pa zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chiwiri, pa zozizwitsa za Dagestan, kum'mawa kwa Ciscaucasia, panaoneka anthu osadziwika, koma amphamvu kwambiri - a Khazars. Ameneyu ndi ndani?

Amadzitcha okha "Kazakhs". Mawu, malinga ndi akatswiri ambiri ofufuza, amachokera ku mzere wamba wa Türkic "kaz", womwe umatanthauza "kusuntha". Izi zikutanthauza kuti iwo amatha kudziyitana okha.

Mfundo zina zimakhudza Persian ("Khazar" - "zikwi"), Chilatini (Kaisara) ndi zinenero za Turkic ("akapolo"). Kwenikweni, motsimikizika sichikudziwika, choncho tikuwonjezera funso ili ku mndandanda wa zotseguka.

Chiyambi cha anthu chilinso pachivundikiro cha chinsinsi. Lero, ambiri amalingalira mofanana ndi Turkic. Kodi mafuko omwe amadzitcha kuti ndi otsogolera ndi ati?

Malingana ndi chiphunzitso choyamba - iwo ndi olandira a fuko la Akatsir, gawo limodzi la ufumu wakale wa Huns.

Njira yachiwiri ndiyokuti iwo amaonedwa kuti achoka ku Khorasan.
Maganizo awa alibe umboni.

Koma ziwiri zotsatirazi ndizolimba ndipo zimatsimikiziridwa ndi zina. Funso lokha ndilo limene magwero ali olondola kwambiri.

Choncho, nthano yachitatu imalongosola Khazars kwa ana a Uighurs. Anthu achi China omwe ali m'mabuku awo amawatchula kuti "anthu a ko-sa". Pamene kugwa kwa Ufumu wa Hun, kugwilitsila nchito kufooketsa kwao, mbali ya Oguzes idapita kumadzulo. Zomwe-maina a maguluwo amamasuliridwa monga "mafuko 10", "mafuko 30", "mafuko oyera", ndi zina zotero.

Kodi panali Khazars pakati pawo? Ndani angatsimikizire izi? Amakhulupirira kuti anthu awa anali pakati pawo.

Pomwe akukhazikitsidwa, akupezeka kumpoto kwa Caspian ndi Kuban. Pambuyo pake, pokhala ndi mphamvu, yikhalani ku Crimea ndi pafupi ndi pakamwa pa Volga.

Peninsula ya Crimea kwa nthawi yayitali m'mayambiriro apakati adatchedwa "Guzaria" okha. Kuwonjezera apo, ngakhale ku Kiev kunali asilikali a asilikali ochokera m'dziko lino. Pachifukwa ichi tingathe kuweruzidwa, chifukwa chodziwika kuti "Kozary".

Ndondomeko ya ndale

Poyamba, anthu osamukira kumalo akukonzekera amapeza zowonjezera komanso zowonjezera mafuko atsopano. Anakhazikitsa maudindo akuluakulu, ovomerezeka mu maufumu a Turkic.
Pamutu wa boma panali "kagan", m'mawu achiyuda - "melekh", m'Chiarabu - "malik" kapena "caliph". Iye anali chitetezo cha Mulungu pa dziko lapansi ndipo amagwirizanitsa ntchito zauzimu ndi zadziko. Ndipotu, mutuwu unapatsa mwayi woti ulamulire, koma osati kuti ulamulire. Chinthu chofanana ndi zomwe zilipo tsopano kwa Mfumukazi ya ku Britain.

Pamene anakwera kumpando wachifumu, a Khazars anali ndi chikhalidwe chosangalatsa. M'chipindamo ndi bungwe lapamwamba la mafuko, kagan yatsopanoyo anaphwanyidwa ndi chingwe cha silika, theka la kufa. Komanso anafunsa zaka zingati zomwe akufuna kuti azilamulira. Pamapeto pake, mwa njira, iye anaphedwa.

Ngati woponderezayo anali wochenjera ndipo ankatchedwa nambala yaikulu, adakalibe naye pambuyo poti mfumuyo inali ndi zaka makumi anayi.

Mphamvu "yapadziko lapansi" inali ndi bey. Mukumvetsa kwathu, iyi ndi nthambi yoyang'anira boma. Anali ndi asilikali, akuluakulu. Ndipotu, ankalamulira Khaganate.

Ophunzira apamwamba anali akhristu a Khazar - a Tarkhans, pamtunda wapansi anali kudziŵa anthu akapolo - elteberas.

Zigawo zinali kuyang'aniridwa ndi abwanamkubwa - omwe anali ndi ntchito zothandizira msonkhanowu, ntchito ndi kusunga malamulo mu gawo lomwe anapatsidwa.

The Economy

Chikhalidwe chakumidzi chakum'mawa, ndi miyambo yonse ndi moyo. Kusiyana kokha ndiko kuti kudutsa kuchokera ku osindikizira kupita ku malo okhala.

Maziko a chuma anali kubereketsa ng'ombe, malinga ndi miyambo yakale ya makolo. Koma akuwonjezeredwa kulima minda ya mpesa ndi kupanga zakumwa zoledzeretsa, kulima mbewu ndi mavwende.

Pakufika kwa mizinda, zamisiri zimayamba. Zojambulajambula, osula zida, zopanga, zitsulo zamatsenga ndi ambuye ena amapanga maziko a zogulitsa katundu wam'nyumba.

Kudziwa ndi akuluakulu olamulira, kuphatikizapo ankhondo, ankakhala ndi ndalama zowonongeka ndi msonkho kuchokera kwa oyandikana nawo.

Kuwonjezera apo, chinthu chofunika kwambiri cha ndalama chinali ntchito ndi misonkho pa katundu amene anatumizidwa kudera la Kaganate. Poganizira kuti mbiri ya Khazars ndi yosiyana kwambiri ndi njira "kummawa-kumadzulo", sangathe kugwiritsa ntchito mwayiwu.

Mu manja a Khaganate kunali njira yochokera ku China kupita ku Ulaya, pansi pa ulamuliro wa boma panali kutumiza ku Volga ndi kumpoto kwa Nyanja ya Caspian. Derbent inakhala khoma lolekanitsa zipembedzo ziwiri zotsutsana - Orthodoxy ndi Islam. Chimene chinapatsa mwayi wosanakhalepo wa kutuluka kwa malonda apakati.

Ena amatcha khalidweli "parasitic", ena amalimbikira pa njira yokhayo yopezeka komanso yodalirika muzochitika zenizeni.

Kuwonjezera apo, Khazaria wakhala malo aakulu kwambiri pa malonda a akapolo. Akhwimitsa okwera kumpoto akugulitsidwa bwino ndi Aperisi ndi Aarabu. Atsikana ali ngati adzakazi a maharamu ndi antchito, amuna ali ngati ankhondo, ogwira ntchito zaulimi ndi ntchito zina.

Komanso, boma linapanga ndalama zake m'zaka za zana la 10 ndi 11. Ngakhale zinali zotsanzira ndalama za Aluya, koma nthawi yochititsa chidwi ndi yakuti "Muhammadi Mneneri" pa ndalama za Khazar, amatchedwa "Mose".

Chikhalidwe ndi chipembedzo

Ofufuzawa amapeza chidziwitso chofunikira cha anthu kuchokera ku zolemba zoyambirira. Ndi mafuko osungunuka, monga Khazars, Pechenegs, Polovtsi, zinthu ndi zovuta kwambiri. Palibenso dongosolo lokhazikitsidwa la zikalata zilizonse.
Ndipo kulembedwa kwapadera kwa chikhalidwe chachipembedzo kapena zapakhomo sikumakhala ndi katundu wochepa kwambiri. Mwa izi, kagawo kakang'ono kokha kazomwe kamapezeka.

Kodi timaphunzira zochuluka bwanji za chikhalidwe cha fuko kuchokera pazolembedwa pa mphika "wopangidwa ndi Joseph"? Pano zidzamveka bwino kuti mbiya ndi zikhalidwe zina zinkapezeka, mwachitsanzo, mayina ndi a anthu osiyanasiyana. Ngakhale izi siziri zoona. Chombochi chikhoza kugula ndi kubweretsedwa, mwachitsanzo, kuchokera ku Byzantine kapena Khorezm yomweyi.

Ndipotu, chimodzi chokha chimadziwika. "Khazars opanda nzeru" anaphatikizapo mitundu yambiri ndi mafuko omwe ankalankhula Chisilavo, Chiarabu, Chisikki ndi Chiyuda. Akuluakulu a boma adalankhula ndikupanga zolemba m'Chiheberi, ndipo anthu wamba amagwiritsira ntchito makalata oyendetsa, omwe amatsogolera ku lingaliro la mizu yake ya Turkki.

Akatswiri ofufuza masiku ano amakhulupirira kuti chifupi kwambiri ndi chinenero cha Khazar chomwe chilipo tsopano ndi chinenero cha Chuvash.

Zipembedzo mu boma zinali zosiyana. Komabe, mpaka nthawi ya kugonjetsedwa kwa Kaganate, Chiyuda chinakula kwambiri. Mbiri ya Khazars imagwirizana kwambiri ndi izo. M'zaka za zana la 10-11, "mtendere wokhala pamodzi ndi chikhulupiriro" unatha.

Ngakhale zipolowe zinabuka pakati pa midzi yayikulu ya Ayuda ndi Asilamu. Koma mu nkhani iyi, otsatira a Mtumiki Muhammad anaphedwa.

Pomwe zinthu zili m'munsi mwa anthu, sitingathe kuweruza ndi kusowa kwina kulikonse, kupatulapo zochepa chabe zomwe zikutchulidwa. Koma za izi.

Zikalata za Khazar

Mauthenga odabwitsa okhudza momwe zinthu ziliri mu boma, mbiri yake ndi chikhalidwe chake zinadza kwa ife, chifukwa Myuda wina wa ku Spain. Khoti la Kordovsky, dzina lake Hasdai ibn Shafrut, adalembera kalata mfumu ya Khazar ndi pempho loti adziwe za Kaganate.

Chinthu choterocho chinayambitsidwa ndi kudabwa kwake. Pokhala Myuda mwiniwake, wophunzira kwambiri, iye ankadziwa za chisokonezo cha amtundu anzake. Ndipo apa amalonda ochokera kummawa amatiuza za kukhalapo kwa dziko lokhazikika, lamphamvu komanso lamphamvu kwambiri lolamulidwa ndi Chiyuda.

Popeza ntchito za Khasdai zinaphatikizapo mgwirizano, iye adakhala nthumwi ndipo adatembenukira kwa kagan kuti adziwe zambiri zoona.

Iye adalandirabe yankho. Ndipo analemba (m'malo mwake) mwiniwake "Meleke Yosefe, mwana wa Aroni," mtsogoleri wa ufumu wa Khazar.

M'kalatayi, akufotokoza zambiri zosangalatsa. Moniyo akuti makolo ake adali ndi maubwenzi ndi a Umayyads. Komanso iye akunena za mbiriyakale ndi njira ya boma.

Malingana ndi iye, kholo la a Khazars ndi Jafeti wa Baibulo, mwana wa Nowa. Komanso, mfumu ikufotokoza nthano za kukhazikitsidwa kwa Chiyuda pambali ya chipembedzo cha boma. Malingana ndi iye, adasankhidwa kuti asinthe chikunja, chomwe a Khazars ankati adzinenera. Ndani angachite izi mwanjira yabwino? Inde ansembe. Mkhristu, Muslim ndi Myuda anaitanidwa. Wachiwiriyo anali wophunzira kwambiri komanso wotsutsana ndi ena onse.

Malingana ndi Baibulo lachiwiri (osati kuchokera mu kalata), mayesero kwa ansembe anali olemba mipukutu yosadziwika, yomwe mwa "mwayi mwayi" inakhala Torah.
Kenaka kagan akufotokoza za malo a dziko lake, mizinda yake yayikuru ndi moyo wa anthu. Amathera kasupe ndi chilimwe mumsasa wotchedwa nomad, ndipo m'nyengo yozizira amabwerera kumidzi.

Kalatayi imathera ndi kudzitamandira kokhazikika ponena za malo a Khazar Khaganate mu udindo wa choletsera chachikulu, chomwe chimapulumutsa Asilamu ku nkhondo ya anthu akumpoto. Rus ndi Khazars, zikuchitika, zinali zosiyana kwambiri ndi zaka za zana la khumi, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti boma la Caspian lifere.

Kodi anthu onse anapita kuti?

Ndipo komabe, akalonga a ku Russia, monga Svyatoslav, Oleg Mneneri, sakanakhoza kuwononga anthu onse pazu. Anthu a Khazars amayenera kukhala ndikugwirizana ndi omenyana kapena oyandikana nawo.

Kuwonjezera pamenepo, asilikali a asilikali a Kaganate sanakhalenso aang'ono, monga momwe boma likukakamizira kusunga mtendere m'madera onse okhalamo ndi kukana Aarabu ndi Asilavo.

Mpaka pano, Baibulo lovomerezeka kwambiri likudziwika motere. Mwa kuwonongeka kwake, ufumuwo ukuyenera kuti ukhale ndi zinthu zambiri.

Choyamba, kuwonjezeka kwa mlingo wa Nyanja ya Caspian. Zoposa theka la dzikolo linali pansi pa dziwe. Minda ndi minda ya mpesa, ndi zinthu zina zinangokhalako.

Choncho, chifukwa cha masoka achilengedwe, anthu anayamba kuthawa ndikupita kumpoto ndi kumadzulo, kumene anakumana ndi anthu oyandikana nawo. Choncho akalonga a Kiev anali ndi mwayi "wobwezera Khazars wopanda nzeru." Chifukwa chake chinali nthawi yayitali - ukapolo wa anthu, ntchito pa njira ya malonda a Volga.

Chifukwa chachitatu, chomwe chinkawongolera kuwombera, chinali chisokonezo mu mafuko ogonjetsedwa. Iwo amamva kuti zofooka za udindo wa anthu oponderezedwa ndi kupanduka. Pang'onopang'ono mapiriwo anathawa.

Monga chiwerengero cha zinthu zonsezi, chikhalidwe chofooka chinagwera chifukwa cha msonkhano wa Rusich, umene unapha mizinda itatu ikuluikulu, kuphatikizapo likulu. Kalonga ankatchedwa Svyatoslav. Anthu a Khazars sakanatha kugonjetsedwa ndi adani a kumpoto oyenera otsutsa. Ma mercenaries samenyana nthawi zonse mpaka mapeto. Moyo wanga ndi wotsika mtengo kwambiri.

Chimodzimodzinso ndi mbeu yomwe ilipo ndi yotsatira. Panthawi ya kusonkhana, a Khazars adagwirizana ndi a Kalmyks, ndipo lero ali gawo la anthu awa.

Amatchulidwa m'mabuku

Poganizira zazing'ono zomwe zimasungidwa, ntchito ku Khazars imagawidwa m'magulu angapo.

Zoyamba ndi zolemba zakale kapena zovuta zachipembedzo.
Lachiwiri ndi fano lachinsinsi pa cholinga chofunafuna dziko losowa.
Lachitatu ndi ntchito zabodza.

Otsanzira kwambiri ndi kagan (nthawi zambiri ngati munthu wosiyana), mfumu kapena beki Joseph, Shafrut, Svyatoslav ndi Oleg.

Mutu waukulu ndi nthano ya kukhazikitsidwa kwa Chiyuda ndi chiyanjano pakati pa anthu ngati Asilavo ndi Khazars.

Nkhondo ndi Aarabu

Zonsezi, olemba mbiri yakale adasankha mikangano iwiri ya nkhondo m'zaka mazana asanu ndi awiri ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri. Nkhondo yoyamba inatha pafupifupi zaka khumi, yachiwiri - oposa makumi awiri ndi asanu.

Kukumana kwake kunali Kaganate ndi anthu atatu a caliphates, omwe panthawi ya chitukuko cha mbiri yakale anapambana.

Mu 642, nkhondo yoyamba idakwiya ndi Aarabu. Iwo anaukira Caucasus kudutsa gawo la Khazar Khaganate. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyi, zithunzi zambiri pa ziwiya zasungidwa. Zikomo kwa iwo, tikhoza kumvetsa zomwe Khazars anali. Maonekedwe, zida, zida.

Pambuyo pa zaka khumi zosamvetsetsana komanso kusamvana komweko, Asilamu adagonjetsa nkhondo, pomwe adagonjetsedwa kwambiri ku Belenger.

Nkhondo yachiwiri inali yaitali komanso yokonzeka. Anayamba zaka zoyambirira za m'ma 700, ndipo anakhala mpaka 737. Panthawi ya nkhondoyi, asilikali a Khazar anafika pamakoma a Mosul. Koma poyankha, magulu a Aluya adagonjetsa Mwamunthuyo ndi mtengo wake.

Kulimbana kotereku kunapitirira mpaka m'zaka za zana la 9. Pambuyo pake, mtendere unatsimikiziridwa pofuna kulimbikitsa udindo wa mayiko achikhristu. Malire adadutsa pamtunda wa Derbent, womwe unali Khazar. Kumwera konse kunali kwa Aarabu.

Rus ndi Khazars

The Kiev kalonga Svyatoslav anagonjetsedwa ndi Khazars. Ndani angatsutse izi? Komabe, umboniwu umangosonyeza mgwirizano womaliza. Kodi chinachitika n'chiyani zaka mazana angapo zisanayambe kugonjetsa?

Aslavs mu annals amatchulidwa ndi mafuko osiyana (Radimichi, Vyatichi ndi ena), omwe anali pansi pa Khazar Khaganate, kufikira atagwidwa ndi Olegeneri.

Zimanenedwa kuti anawaphimba ndi msonkho wopepuka ndi chikhalidwe chokha chomwe sichilipira Khazars tsopano. Zochitika zoterezi mosakayikira zinapangitsa kuti ufumuwo uchite chimodzimodzi. Koma palibe kutchulidwa kwa nkhondo kulikonse. Titha kungoganiza za izi chifukwa chakuti dziko lapansi ndi Rus anali atatha, a Khazars ndi a Pechenegs adapita nawo palimodzi.

Ichi ndi chochititsa chidwi komanso chovuta kwambiri mwa anthu awa.