Nkhondo Yachibadwidwe: tanthauzo la mbiriyakale

Ambiri amadziwa kuti "nkhondo yapachiweniweni", kutanthawuza kwa zochitikazi kungapereke osati olemba mbiri okha, komanso mboni zamaso. Zochitika zamagazi zotero zimakhala ndi mavuto ndi chisokonezo. Pankhani imeneyi, anthu mazana ambiri ndi madera ambiri a m'madera ena akuvutika.

Otsatira pa kugunda

Nkhondo yapachiweniweni ndikutanthauzira kwa nkhondo ya mkati, pamene:

• Magulu awiri kapena angapo, adalumikizana ndi malingaliro ena;
• Mtundu woimira dziko la mayiko osiyanasiyana.

Kawirikawiri, aliyense wa mabungwe omwe amamenyana nawo amachititsa kuti pakhale ndondomeko yoyenera kutsogolera ndondomeko ya chigamulochi, mwa zina - kusintha mphamvu yapakati kapena chigawo. Pachifukwa chotsatira, kugawidwa kwa dera nthawi zambiri kumachitika.

Zochitika zimasonyeza kuti nkhondo yapachiweniweni ku Russia (tanthawuzo limene wolemba mbiri aliyense angapereke) ndi imodzi mwa mitundu yoopsa kwambiri ya mikangano. Palibe mantha okha poyerekeza ndi omwe akuyimira mbali zotsutsana, koma oopsya kwambiri ndi ozunzidwa pakati pa anthu wamba.

Zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa nkhondo yapachiweniweni

Akatswiri a Banki Yadziko Lapansi m'zaka zoyamba za zikwizikwi zakubwera akupanga njira yotchedwa Collier-Höffler. Nkhani yafukufukuyi inali yochitika zakale zazaka zisanu m'chaka cha 1960-1999. Ndi nkhondo zapachiweniweni. Iwo ankatsutsana ndi nyengo zofanana, koma popanda mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mikangano. Cholinga cha chiwerengerocho chinali kukhazikitsa mgwirizano wogwirizana pakati pa zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimayambitsa nkhondo yapachiweniweni:

• Imafuna ndalama zokwanira. Kawirikawiri gwero la ndalama zawo ndizinthu zina.
• Ambiri mwa asilikaliwa amadzazidwa chifukwa cha achinyamata osaphunzira. Nkhondo ya Civil Civil yotanthauzira pa nkhaniyi ndi yapadera. Zambiri zimadalira chiwerengero cha ophunzira.
• Utsogoleri wa mtundu umodzi pamwamba pa ena umawonjezera ngozi. Pamene mafuko osiyana sapeza chinenero chimodzi, kupatula apo pali chipembedzo, sizingatheke kuti nkhondo yapachiweniweni ichitike.
• Kudalira kotheratu kumalo ndi malo ovuta kufika - m'mapiri kapena m'malo opululu, mwayi waukulu wa nkhondo yapachiweniweni.

Zizindikiro za Nkhondo Yachibadwidwe

Nkhondo iliyonse yapachiweniweni ndi (mwa buku la mbiriyakale: mkangano waukulu pakati pa magulu a bungwe mkati mwa boma) zizindikiro zingapo:

• Aliyense wa maphwando omwe ali nawo pankhondoyo ali ndi zida za boma;
• Ankhondo omwe amakumana nawo omwe ayamba akugwedezeka kwa zaka;
• Pafupifupi magawo onse a anthu ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya dzikoli amachitapo mbali.

Nthaŵi zina m'maderawa akukumana ndi nkhondo yapachiŵeniŵeni, kugwiritsira ntchito mwayi wawo, mayiko ena akuyambitsa asilikali awo. Kumbuyo kwa mdani, magulu otsutsa amapangidwa. Anne Hironaka ananena kuti mfundo yakuti boma nthawi zambiri limaimiridwa ngati mmodzi wa mabungwe okhwimitsa milandu. Zimakhala zovuta kuti tigwire nthawi yomwe zochita zowonongeka za nzika zimakhala nkhondo yapachiweniweni.

Olemba mbiri amati

Maganizo a asayansi a ndale ponena za tanthawuzo la lingaliro la "nkhondo yapachiweniweni" adagawidwa. Ngati tiyambira pa anthu angati omwe amamwalira pazifukwa zoterezi, nthawi zina chiwerengero chawo chiposa chikwi, mwa ena - malire amatha kufika mazana ambiri omwe amamenya nkhondo.

Kuchokera m'chaka cha 1816 mpaka 1997, nkhani 213 za kugawenga kwa nkhondo zapachiŵeniŵeni zinalembedwa, pamene anthu chikwi anafa m'chaka chimodzi. Pafupifupi theka la iwo ali mu 1944-1997. Kuyambira kumapeto kwa nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse mpaka 2007, mitundu yambiri ya ma putchi yowonekera ka 90 m'madera osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi. Nkhondo yapachiweniweni (kutanthauzira kwa mbiriyakale) ndi kusinthika kwakukulu kwa nkhondo yomasewera pakati pa boma mu boma.

Zomwe zimayambitsa mikangano

Ngakhale ziwerengero zomvetsa chisoni zoterezi, palibe paliponse mu Msonkhano wa ku Geneva mungathe kupeza tsatanetsatane wa "nkhondo yapachiweniweni" amatanthauza. M'malomwake, amapereka zizindikiro zosonyeza nkhondo yomwe ilibe chidziwitso cha mayiko onse. Pali zinayi zokha:

• Malo olamulidwa ndi madera, mwachitsanzo, Maphwando omwe adagwidwa ndi mbali zotsutsana amasintha nthawi ndi nthawi.
• Ndipotu, ulamuliro wadziko lonse uyenera kupitilira ku gawo lina la dzikoli.
• Magulu odana ndi boma amadziwika pang'ono ngati mabomba.
• Asilikali a boma akukakamizidwa kumenyana ndi apandu, omwe akukonzekera bwino.

Zowawa zambiri zimabweretsa nkhondo yapachiweniweni. Tsatanetsatane wa mawu akuti anthu amapereka awo okha, akulozera kulephera kwa mphamvu.

Nkhondo zotchuka zapachiweniweni kuyambira masiku a Sparta mpaka 1867

Mbiri ya nkhondo zapachiŵeniŵeni, monga akunenera, imapita kumbuyo akale:

1. Mwachitsanzo, tikhoza kunena kupanduka kodziwika kwa akapolo, gulu la anthu ochititsidwa manyazi komanso otsutsidwa, motsogoleredwa ndi gladiator wa Spartacus pakati pa zaka 71 ndi 73 za nthawi yathu ino. Uku kunali nkhondo yapachiweniweni yochuluka kwambiri. Tsatanetsatane mu masiku amenewo a zochitika zotere sanaperekedwe ngakhale.
2. Pambuyo pa imfa ya Mfumu Henry Yachingerezi, pafupifupi zaka zisanu ndi zinayi, kuyambira 1135, nkhondoyi mu boma la Anglo-Norman la magulu osiyanasiyana a mpando wachifumu unamasulidwa.
3. Ku North America kanyumba mu 1861-1865, pakati pa mayiko akummwera ndi akumwera, nkhondo yapachiweniweni inayamba, kuthetsa dongosolo la akapolo lochititsa manyazi.
4. Zaka 1863-1867 ku Japan zinayambitsa chipolowe cha amphawi ndi achimuna achikristu amene sakanatha kulolerana ndi mavuto a zachuma, komanso kuponderezedwa pazipembedzo.

October Revolution ndi nkhondo zina

Nkhondo yapachiweniweni ya 1918-1922, yomwe inagwera muukulu wa Ufumu waukulu wa Russia pambuyo pa Revolution ya 1917 ya Oktoba, inali yosindikizidwa kosatha m'mbiri. Kuwonjezera apo, boma latsopano la antchito ndi azinthu silinayambe kulimbana ndi a White White okha, komanso ndi anthu omwe sankatha kulowa nawo nkhondo - asilikali a Entente ndi mfumu ya Japan ku Far East. Nkhondo yapachiweniweni - ndi (kutanthauzira mwachidule: nkhondo pakati pa magulu) chisokonezo m'madera onse opanduka.

Mu 1936-1939, nkhondo yoopsa pakati pa Republican Spanish ndi otsutsa a General Franco anachitidwa. Yoyamba mwa izi inathandizidwa ndi Soviet Union, ndipo yachiwiri inathandizidwa ndi Hitler Germany.

Zili zovuta kuona kuti nkhondo zonse zapachiweniweni za zaka mazana awiri zapitazi zatha zaka 3-4.

Nkhondo Yachibadwidwe ku Russia

Padera, payenera kulipidwa ku nkhondo yapachiweniweni yomwe inayamba mu 1918 posakhalitsa kuwonongeka kwa Boma Loyamba ku Russia. Zochitika za m'chaka cha 1917-1922 sizinangosintha kokha nkhope ya dziko lonse lapansi, komanso m'tsogolomu zakhudza mbiri ya mbiri ya dziko.

Kukonza kwa February 1917 kunalephera kuthana ndi mavuto omwe adagonjetsedwa ndi zotsutsana pazandale komanso m'magulu, komanso nkhani zadziko komanso zoyenera. Mu nkhondo yamagazi, magulu awiri ogwirizana omwe anagawidwa palimodzi adasonkhana pamodzi: otsutsa dziko la Soviet Union-Red Army (kapena "Reds") ndi othandizira a azungu akale (kapena "azungu").

A Bolshevik anapambana kusunga mphamvu chifukwa cha mgwirizano wawo kuzungulira atsogoleri a chipani ndi bungwe. Koma kupambana pa mdani sikungatheke popanda kuthandizidwa ndi lingaliro la chikominisi ndi anthu ambiri. Kulimbika kwakukulu pakati pa ogwira ntchito ndi olima anzawo kunathandiza kuti nthambi zonse zachuma zikule mwamsanga. Stalin anapeza chuma kukhala mabwinja. Ndipotu, anayamba kuyambira pachiyambi. Koma pansi pa utsogoleri wake, dziko la aboma lomwe linapezeka pa mapu a dziko lapansi linasinthidwa mosazindikira.

Ndinayenera kupyola muyeso ndi njala ya 1932 mpaka 1933, ndikupereka nsembe mamiliyoni a nzika kuti zikhale ndi moyo wabwino kwa mibadwo yotsatira. Koma izi, monga akunenera, ndi nkhani yosiyana kwambiri, yomwe imafuna kuphunzira mosamala tsiku lina kukonzekera mfundo zonse. Mulimonsemo, nkhondo yapachiweniweni imayambitsa mantha. Tanthauzo la lingaliroli likhoza kukhala lalifupi - zoopsya ndi zopweteka!