Mapeto a goli la Mongol-Tatar ku Rus: mbiri, tsiku ndi zochititsa chidwi. Kodi Russia inakhala bwanji pansi pa goli la Mongol-Tatar

Russia pansi pa goli la Mongol-Tatar linali lochititsa manyazi kwambiri. Zinali zoperewera kwambiri pandale komanso zachuma. Choncho, kutha kwa goli la Mongol-Tatar ku Russia, tsiku loyimirira pa mtsinje wa Ugra - 1480, likuonedwa ngati chochitika chofunika kwambiri m'mbiri yathu. Ngakhale dziko la Russia linakhala lodziimira pa ndale, koma kulipidwa kwa msonkho mu ndalama zing'onozing'ono kunapitirira kufikira nthawi ya Petro. Kutsirizira kwathunthu kwa goli la Mongol-Tatar ndi chaka cha 1700, pamene Peter Wamkulu adafuula malipiro kwa khans la Crimea.

Asilikali a ku Mongolia

M'zaka za m'ma 1200, anthu a Chimongolia omwe ankalamulidwa ndi Mgwirizano anagwirizanitsidwa ndi mphamvu ya Temuchin wolamulira wankhanza komanso wochenjera. Zopinga zonse zopita ku mphamvu zopanda malire iye anatsutsa mwaukali ndipo anapanga gulu lapadera lomwe linagonjetsa chigonjetso. Iye, kulenga ufumu waukulu, amatchedwa Genghis Khan wake wolemekezeka. Atagonjetsa East Asia, asilikali a ku Mongolia anafika ku Caucasus ndi ku Crimea. Iwo anawononga Alan ndi Apolvista. Zotsalira za Apolovotas adatembenukira ku Russia kuti athandizidwe.

Msonkhano woyamba

20 kapena 30,000 anali ankhondo m'gulu lankhondo la Mongol, osati ndendende. Anatsogoleredwa ndi Jebe ndi Subedey. Anayima pa Dnieper. Ndipo panthawiyi Polovtsian Khan Khotyan analimbikitsa mfumu ya Galich Mstislav Udalogo kuti atsutsane ndi kuukira kwa akavalo oopsa. Anagwirizanitsidwa ndi Mstislav wa Kiev ndi Mstislav wa ku Chernigov. Malinga ndi magulu osiyanasiyana, asilikali onse a ku Russia anawerengera anthu 10 mpaka 100,000. Msonkhano wa asilikali unachitikira m'mphepete mwa mtsinje wa Kalki. Ndondomeko imodzi sinayambe kugwira ntchito. Mstislav Udaloi anapanga chimodzi. Anali kuthandizidwa ndi mabwinja a Apolvvia, koma pa nthawi ya nkhondo adathawa. Anthu omwe sankagwirizana ndi akalonga a ku Galician adayenera kumenyana ndi a Mongol omwe adagonjetsa misasa yawo. Masiku atatu nkhondoyo inatha. Chifukwa chachinyengo komanso lonjezo losawotenga aliyense, amwenyewo analowa mumsasawo. Koma iwo sanasunge mawu awo. Wolamulira wa ku Russia ndi kalonga wa Mongols anamangirizidwa ndi moyo ndipo ataphimbidwa ndi matabwa ndi kukhala pansi pa iwo ndikuyamba kudya mokondwera, akusangalala ndi kulira kwa akufa. Choncho kalonga wa Kiev ndi asilikali ake anamwalira. Anali zaka 1223. A Mongol, osadziŵa zambiri, adachoka ku Asia. M'zaka khumi ndi zitatu iwo adzabwerera. Ndipo zaka zonsezi ku Russia kunali kukangana kwakukulu pakati pa akalonga. Zinalepheretseratu mphamvu za akuluakulu a South-Western.

Kuwukira

Agogo a Genghis Khan Baty ali ndi asilikali oposa theka la milioni, omwe anagonjetsa Volga Bulgaria kum'mawa ndi malo a Polovtsian kum'mwera, anafika ku December 1237 ku Russia. Njira yake sikuti apereke nkhondo yayikuru, koma kuti awononge zida zawo, kuziphwanya zonsezo. Atafika kumalire a dziko la Ryazan, akuluakulu a Tatar anafuna kupereka msonkho kwa iye: gawo la khumi la akavalo, anthu ndi akalonga. Ku Ryazan, sanatumize asilikali okwana zikwi zitatu. Iwo adatumiza thandizo kwa Vladimir, koma thandizo silinabwere. Patadutsa masiku asanu ndi limodzi kuzungulira Ryazan kunatengedwa. Anthuwo anawonongedwa, mzindawu unawonongedwa. Icho chinali chiyambi. Mapeto a goli la Mongol-Tatar lidzachitika zaka mazana awiri ndi makumi anai olimba. Yotsatira inali Kolomna. Kumeneko asilikali ankhondo a ku Russia anali pafupi kufa. Moscow ili mu phulusa. Koma asanakhalepo munthu wina amene analota kubwerera kumalo awo, anaikidwa pamtunda wa Borovitsky chuma chamtengo wapatali zasiliva. Anapezeka mwadzidzidzi, pamene zomangamanga zinkachitika ku Kremlin mu zaka za m'ma 90 za XX. Chotsatira chinali Vladimir. A Mongol sanalekerere amayi kapena ana ndi kuwononga mzindawu. Kenako Torzhok anagwa. Koma masika anafika, ndipo, poopa masididides, a Mongol anasamukira kumwera. Mtsinje wa kumpoto Russia sanawakonde. Koma panjira anali kuteteza Kozelsk wamng'ono. Pafupifupi miyezi iwiri mzindawu unatsutsa kwambiri. Koma a Mongol anabwera ndi makina a stenobitnymi, ndipo mzindawo unatengedwa. Otsutsa onse anadulidwa ndikuchoka mumzinda wa miyala pa mwalawo. Kotero, dziko lonse la kumpoto kwa Russia mwa 1238 linakhala mabwinja. Ndipo ndani angakayike ngati pali goli la Mongol-Tatar ku Russia? Kuchokera kufotokozera mwachidule izi zikutsatira kuti panali maubwenzi abwino kwambiri, sichoncho?

South-Western Russia

Iye anabwera mu 1239. Pereyaslavl, akuluakulu a ku Chernigov, Kiev, Vladimir-Volynsky, Galich - chilichonse chaphwanyidwa, osatchula mizinda ing'onoing'ono ndi midzi ndi midzi. Ndipo kutalika kwa goli la Mongol-Tatar kuli! Momwemo mantha ndi chiwonongeko chinamufikitsa iye chiyambi. A Mongol anachoka ku Dalmatia ndi Croatia. Western Europe inanjenjemera. Komabe, nkhani zochokera kumadera akutali Mongolia zimakakamiza otsutsa kuti abwerere. Ndipo iwo analibe mphamvu zokwanira kuti apite mobwerezabwereza. Europe inapulumutsidwa. Koma dziko lathu la Amanda, lokhala mabwinja, lokha magazi, silinadziwe kuti mapeto a goli la Mongol-Tatar lidzabwera liti.

Rus pansi pa goli

Kodi ndani amene anakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kuukira kwa a Mongol? Azimayi? Inde, a Mongol sanawalekerere. Koma amatha kubisala m'nkhalango. Nzika? Inde. Ku Russia kunali mizinda 74, ndipo 49 mwa iwo anawonongedwa ndi Batu, ndipo 14 sanapezekenso. Amisiri anamasulidwa kukhala akapolo ndi kutumizidwa kunja. Kuphatikizidwa kwa luso la zomangamanga kwatha, ndipo chitukuko chagwa. Sitinathe kutsanulira magalasi, kuphika galasi popanga mawindo, panalibe zida zonyezimira zambiri ndi zokongoletsa ndi cloisonne enamel. Masoni ndi zitsulo zatha, ndipo kwa zaka 50 zomangamanga zaleka. Koma chovuta kwambiri ndi onse omwe anali ndi zida zankhondo zomwe zidawombera zida zankhondozo. Pa akalonga khumi ndi awiri a Ryazan, atatuwa adakhalabe amoyo, omwe 3 kuchokera ku Rostov - mmodzi, pa 9 kuchokera ku Suzdal - 4. Ndipo palibe amene adawona kuwonongeka ku squads. Ndipo panalibe zochepa za iwo. Akatswiri ogwira ntchito za usilikali adalowetsedwa ndi anthu ena omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti ayendetsedwe. Choncho akalonga anayamba kukhala ndi mphamvu zonse. Pambuyo pake, pamene mapeto a goli la Mongol-Tatar lafika, lidzakulitsa ndikutsogolera mphamvu zopanda malire za mfumu.

Akalonga a ku Russia ndi Golden Horde

Pambuyo pa 1242, Rus anagonjetsedwa ndi ndale yonse ya ndale ndi zachuma za Horde. Kuti kalonga adzalandire mpando wake wachifumu ndi lamulo, iye amayenera kupita ndi mphatso kwa "mfumu yaulere", monga akalonga athu a Khans adayitana, ku likulu la Horde. Anali kumeneko kwa nthawi ndithu. Khan anafufuza pang'onopang'ono zofunsidwa zapansi. Zonsezi zinakhala mndandanda wamanyazi, ndipo atatha kuganizira kwambiri, mwinamwake miyezi, Khan adapereka "njira yothetsera", ndiko kuti, chilolezo cholamulira. Kotero, mmodzi wa akalonga athu, pamene anabwera ku Batu, ankatchedwa mtumiki kuti asunge chuma chake. Muyenera kupereka msonkho, womwe ukhoza kulipira. Nthawi iliyonse, khansayo ikhoza kuitanitsa kalonga ku Horde ndipo ngakhale kumupha iye mosakondwera. The Horde inatsogolera ndondomeko yapadera pamodzi ndi akalonga, akukakamiza mwakhama mikangano yawo. Kusagwirizana kwa akalonga ndi maulamuliro awo kunali m'manja mwa a Mongol. Horde pang'onopang'ono inakhala yaikulu pa mapazi a dothi. Mmenemo, centrifugal amadzimva okha. Koma padzakhalanso nthawi yambiri. Ndipo poyamba mgwirizano wake ndi wolimba. Pambuyo pa imfa ya Alexander Nevsky ana ake akudana kwambiri ndi kulimbana kwambiri ndi mpando wachifumu wa Vladimir. Pomwepo ulamuliro ku Vladimir unapatsa kalonga wamkulu pa zonse. Kuwonjezera apo, gawo labwino la dzikolo linayanjanitsidwa ndi iwo omwe amabweretsa ndalama ku chuma. Ndipo chifukwa cha ulamuliro waukulu wa Vladimir ku Horde, kulimbana pakati pa akalonga kunabuka, zinachitika kuti mpaka imfa. Ndi momwe Russia ankakhalira pansi pa goli la Mongol-Tatar. Asilikali a Horde mmenemo sankaima. Koma popanda kubwezeretsa, asilikali omwe amalanga chilango amatha kubwera ndi kudula zonse.

Kuchokera ku Moscow

Kuopa magazi kwa akalonga a ku Russia pakati pawo kunapangitsa kuti kuyambira 1275 mpaka 1300, dziko la Russia lifike ku Mongolia kasanu ndi kawiri. Potsutsana, ziphuphu zambiri zinayamba kufooka, zomwe anthu adathawira kumalo amtendere. Mfundo yaing'ono yotereyi inakhala ngati yaing'ono ya ku Moscow. Zinagwera mu gawo la mwana wamng'ono kwambiri wa Alexander Nevsky Daniel. Iye analamulira ali ndi zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu ndipo adatsogolera ndondomeko yosamala, akuyesera kuti asakangane ndi anansi ake, chifukwa anali wofooka kwambiri. Ndipo Horde sanayang'ane naye. Choncho, chinapatsidwa mphamvu kuti pakhale chitukuko cha malonda ndi zopindulitsa pazomwezi. Othawa ochokera kumalo osakhazikika adathiridwa mmenemo. Daniel potsirizira pake analoŵa m'malo mwa Kolomna ndi Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, kuonjezera ulamuliro wake. Ana ake anapitirizabe kukhala ndi maganizo abwino a bambo ake atamwalira. Akalonga a Tver okha ndiwo anawona mwa adani omwe akanatha nawo ndipo anayesa, pamene akumenyera Mkulu wa Dzukulu ku Vladimir, kuti asokoneze ubale wa Moscow ndi Horde. Udani umenewu unadzafika poti pamene mkulu wa Moscow ndi kalonga wa Tver adasonkhanitsidwa pamodzi ku Horde, Dmitry Tverskoy anapha Yuri Moskovsky. Chifukwa chotsutsana kotero iye anaphedwa ndi Horde.

Ivan Kalita ndi "bata lalikulu"

Mwana wamwamuna wachinayi wa Prince Daniel, zikuwoneka kuti analibe mwayi wolamulira ku Moscow. Koma abale ake aakulu anamwalira, ndipo anayamba kulamulira ku Moscow. Mwa chifuniro cha chiwonongeko iye adakhalanso Mkulu wa Vladimir. Iye pamodzi ndi ana ake, anthu a ku Mongolia omwe ankazunza dziko la Russia analeka. Moscow anali wolemera ndi anthu mmenemo. Mizindayo inakula ndipo chiwerengero chawo chinawonjezeka. Kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Russia mbadwo wonse unakula, umene unasiya kunjenjemera pamene unatchulidwa za a Mongol. Izi zinapangitsa kuti mapeto a goli la Mongol-Tatar ayandikire ku Russia.

Dmitry Donskoy

Moscow ku kubadwa kwa Kalonga Dmitry Ivanovich mu 1350 tsopano ikusandulika pakati pa moyo wa ndale, chikhalidwe ndi chipembedzo cha kumpoto chakum'maŵa. Mzukulu wa Ivan Kalita anakhala ndi moyo zaka 39, koma moyo wowala. Analigwiritsa ntchito pankhondo, koma tsopano ndi kofunika kuima pa nkhondo yaikulu ndi Mamai, yomwe inachitika mu 1380 pa mtsinje wa Nepryadva. Panthawiyi, Prince Dmitry adagonjetsa chigamulo cha Punish Mongolian pakati pa Ryazan ndi Kolomna. Mamai anayamba kukonzekera msonkhano watsopano ku Russia. Dmitry, podziwa za izi, nayenso anayamba kupeza mphamvu kuti amenyane nawo. Sikuti akalonga onse adayankha. Kalongayo anafunika kupempha thandizo kwa Sergius wa Radonezh kukasonkhanitsa asilikali. Ndipo atalandira madalitso a mkulu woyera ndi amonke awiri, adasonkhanitsa asilikali kumapeto kwa chilimwe ndipo adasamukira ku gulu lalikulu la asilikali Mamai. Pa September 8 madzulo nkhondo yaikulu inachitika. Dmitry anamenyana patsogolo, anavulazidwa, anapezeka akuvutika. Koma a Mongol anagonjetsedwa ndi kuthawa. Dmitry anabwerera ndi chigonjetso. Koma nthawi isanafike pamene mapeto a goli la Mongol-Tatar ku Russia lidzabwera. Mbiri imati kuti pansi pa goli lidzakhala zaka zana limodzi.

Kulimbikitsidwa kwa Russia

Moscow inakhala pakati pa mgwirizano wa maiko a Russia, koma kutali ndi akalonga onse anavomera kuvomereza mfundo iyi. Mwana wa Dmitri, Basil I, analamulira kwa nthawi yaitali, zaka 36, ndipo anali wofatsa. Anateteza malo a dziko la Russia kuchokera ku mayiko a ku Lithuania, omwe adalanda dziko la Suzdal ndi la Nizhny Novgorod. Horde anafooka, ndipo ndi zocheperapo zinkawerengedwa. Basil pa moyo wake anachezera kawiri Horde. Koma panalibe mgwirizano pakati pa Russia. Kuzunzidwa kunayamba popanda mapeto. Ngakhale paukwati wa Prince Prince Vasily II, kunasokonezeka. Mmodzi mwa alendowa anali kuvala lamba wa golide wa Dmitry Donskoy. Pamene mkwatibwi adadziŵa za izi, adazichotsa pagulu, kumunyoza. Koma lambayo sanali chabe ngale. Iye anali chizindikiro cha mphamvu ya kalonga wamkulu. Panthawi ya ulamuliro wa Basil II (1425-1453) panali nkhondo zamantha. Kalonga wa Moscow anagwidwa, anachititsidwa khungu, anavulazidwa pamene nkhope yonse ndi moyo wake wonse anali kuvala nkhope yapamwamba ndipo analandira dzina loti "Mdima." Komabe, kalonga wofuna mphamvuyo anamasulidwa, ndipo co-regent wake anali wamng'ono Ivan yemwe, pambuyo pa imfa ya atate ake, adzakhala mfulu wa dzikoli ndipo adzalandira dzina lotchuka.

Mapeto a goli la Tatar-Mongol ku Russia

Mu 1462, Ivan III, yemwe anali wovomerezeka, adakhala pampando wachifumu wa Moscow, yemwe adzasintha ndi kusintha. Iye mosaganizira ndi mosagwirizana anagwirizana m'mayiko a Russia. Anagwiritsira ntchito Tver, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Perm komanso ngakhale Novgorod wovuta kuti amudziwe kuti ndi wolamulira. Anapanga chovala cha ziwombankhanga ziwiri za Byzantine, adayamba kumanga Kremlin. Umu ndimomwe timamudziwira. Kuyambira mu 1476, Ivan III analeka kupereka msonkho kwa Horde. Nthano yokongola koma yonyenga imanena momwe zinakhalira. Atavomerezeka ndi ambassade ya Ordynsky, Grand Duke adagonjetsa basma ndipo adatumiza chenjezo kwa Horde kuti zomwezo zidzawachitikira ngati dziko lawo lisanakhale lokha. Khan Ahmed wokwiya kwambiri, atasonkhanitsa gulu lalikulu, adasamukira ku Moscow, akufuna kumulanga chifukwa chosamvera. Pafupi makilomita 150 kuchokera ku Moscow ku mtsinje wa Ugra m'mayiko a Kaluga m'dzinja magulu awiri ankhondo akutsutsana. Russian inatsogoleredwa ndi mwana wa Vasily, Ivan Molodoy. Ivan III anabwerera ku Moscow ndipo anayamba kupereka chakudya - chakudya, forage. Choncho asilikaliwo adayimilirana, mpaka m'nyengo yozizira, chakudyachi chinabwera ndikuika maliro onse a Ahmed. A Mongol anatembenuka ndikupita ku Horde, akuvomereza kugonjetsedwa. Motero mapeto a goli la Mongol-Tatar analibe magazi. Tsiku lake - 1480 - ndi chochitika chachikulu m'mbiri yathu.

Kufunika kwa goli lakugwa

Kwa nthawi yaitali anaimitsa chitukuko cha ndale, zachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha Russia, goli linakankhira dziko kumbuyo kwa mbiri ya ku Ulaya. Pamene Ulamuliro wa Ulemerero unayamba ndikuyamba kuphulika kumadzulo kwa Ulaya m'madera onse, pamene dziko lapansi lidakhala lolemera ndikudzikuza malonda, iwo adatumiza sitimayo kukafufuza malo atsopano, kunali mdima ku Russia. Columbus kale mu 1492 anapeza America. Kwa Azungu, Dziko linakula mofulumira. Kwa ife, kutha kwa goli la Mongol-Tatar ku Rus linatanthawuza kuti titha kuchoka pa zochitika zapakatikati, kusintha malamulo, kukonzanso asilikali, kumanga mizinda ndikufufuza malo atsopano. Ndipo mwachidule, dziko la Russia linapeza ufulu wodzilamulira ndipo linadziwika kuti Russia.