Kodi alchemy ndi sayansi kapena matsenga? Odziwa zamagetsi

Nthaŵi zonse anthu akhala akukhudzidwa ndi chinachake chodabwitsa, chodabwitsa, chosadziŵika. Sayansi yotere monga alchemy inawuka nthawi yayitali, koma chidwi chake sichinatheke mpaka lero. Ndipo pakadali pano, anthu ambiri akudabwa kuti ndi alchemy yotani. Tiyeni tiwone izo.

Lingaliro ndi zofunikira za alchemy

Bungwe loyamba lomwe limabwera m'maganizo a munthu wamba pamene amva mawu akuti "alchemy" ndi matsenga. Koma kwenikweni ndi sayansi yamatsenga yomwe imasonyeza momwe tingakwaniritsire cholinga cha zinthu zonse zomwe zilipo. Ambiri amalingalira kuti ndi chiphunzitso cha sayansi, chomwe chimayang'ana kuchokera kuzinyalala zomwe zimatchedwa alchemical golide ndipo motere zimapindulitsa. Akatswiri ambiri a zamagetsi ndi choonadi anaika cholinga cha kupindulitsa, koma tanthawuzo loyambirira la alchemy linali kumvetsetsa za umunthu wa anthu ndi dziko lapansi. Akatswiri a zamagetsi, chifukwa cha mafilosofi, amavomereza mgwirizano wa dziko lapansi, amanena kuti amachita nawo chilengedwe chonse.

Chiyanjano china cha anthu omwe ali ndi mawu akuti "alchemy" ndi potion. Ndipo pali lingaliro lina mwa izi. M'masewero, kusakaniza zinthu zosiyanasiyana kumapangidwa. Chofunikira kwambiri cha sayansiyi ndi chakuti zonse zomwe zilipo zikuyenda ndikuyesa chitukuko.

Mbiri ya mawu akuti "alchemy"

Poyankha funsolo, ndi chiyani chomwe chiri chofunikira kwambiri, ndikofunikira kudziwa mbiri ya chiyambi cha sayansi iyi. Zimakhulupirira kuti kwa nthawi yoyamba izi sayansi idakwera mu Dziko Lakale: ku Girisi, Egypt ndi Rome, ndiyeno imafalikira kummawa. N'kosatheka kunena chomwe liwu likutanthawuza, chifukwa liri ndi mizu yambiri. Buku loyambirira limasonyeza kuti alchemy imachokera ku mawu akuti Chymeia, omwe amatanthauza "kuumiriza", "kutsanulira". Mawu awa amasonyeza ntchito yachipatala ya madokotala ambiri akale. Malingana ndi Baibulo lina, dzinali linachokera ku mawu akuti Khem, omwe amaimira dziko lakuda, dziko (Egypt). Chiyambi cha Chigiriki chakale chimasonyeza chiyambi cha mawu akuti "hyma" ndi "hemevsis" - kuponyera, kusakaniza, kutuluka.

Maziko ndi zolinga za alchemy

Alchemy amachita ntchito zitatu zazikulu:

1. Pezani njira yopezera golide kuchokera ku zitsulo zophweka kuti mupindule ndi kupeza mphamvu.
2. Kuti akwaniritse kusakhoza kufa.
3. Kuti mupeze chimwemwe.

Maziko a alchemy ndizogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zinayi zofunika. Malingana ndi chiphunzitso ichi, chokhazikitsidwa ndi Plato ndi Aristotle, chilengedwe chinalengedwa ndi Demiurge, yemwe kuchokera pachiyambi choyamba anapanga magawo 4 a zinthu: madzi, dziko, moto, mpweya. Akatswiri a zamagetsi anawonjezera pa zinthu zitatu izi: mercury, sulfure, mchere. Mercury ndi chachikazi, sulfure ndi yamphongo, mchere umayenda. Mwa kusakaniza zinthu zonsezi mu dongosolo losiyana, kusintha kwapadera kumachitika. Chifukwa cha kutembenuzidwa, mwala wa filosofi uyenera kupezeka, umene umatchedwanso chimaliziro cha kusafa. Kawirikawiri, kulandira chochotsera ichi ndicho cholinga chachikulu cha akatswiri a zamagetsi. Koma musanakhale ndi elixir wosirira, wolemba zamakono ayenera kumvetsetsa kuti iye ndi wauzimu weniweni. Apo ayi, sikungatheke kupeza mwala wamtengo wapatali wa filosofi.

Chisinthiko ndi kusintha kwa zitsulo kukhala golidi

Odziwika bwino alchemists, pogwiritsa ntchito zaka zawo zambiri zolingalira ndi kuphunzira, adatsimikiza kuti kuyambira pachiyambi zonse zitsulo zinali zabwino, koma patapita nthawi, zina mwa izo zinadetsedwa, zimakhala zonyansa, zomwe zinayambitsa kusadziwika kwawo.

Pali magawo angapo ofunika mu kusintha kwa zitsulo zosavuta kukhala zitsulo zodabwitsa:

1. Calcinatio - siteji iyi ikuphatikizapo kukana zinthu zonse zadziko, kuchokera pa zofuna zawo;
2. Putrefactio - siteji iyi ikuphatikizapo gulu la phulusa lotha;
3. Solutio - akuyimira kuyeretsedwa kwa nkhani;
4. Distillatio - kuganizira zinthu zonse za kuyeretsedwa kwa nkhani;
5. Coincidentia oppositorum - kuphatikiza zochitika zotsutsana;
6. Kugonjetsa - kumatanthauza kuzunzika atatha kusiya dziko lapansi chifukwa cha kuyesetsa kwauzimu;
7. Kulimbitsa nzeru zaumulungu ndizophatikizapo mfundo za kutulutsa mpweya ndi kusamalitsa.

Kusinthika kwa alchemy ndiko kudutsa chinthu chilichonse kupyolera mwa iwe wekha, ngakhale kuti chimavulaza kwambiri, ndiyeno nkufunikira kubwezeretsa ndi mphamvu yomwe idaperekedwa kale.

Akatswiri a zamagetsi

Alchemisti onse amayesa kuyankha funsolo, ndi chiyani chomwe chiri. Sayansi iyi yakhala yofunika kwambiri m'mbiri ya anthu. Akatswiri ambiri afilosofi ankaganiza kuti alchemy amasiyana kwambiri ndi maganizo. Sayansi iyi imamuthandiza munthu kudziwonetsera yekha ngati munthu aliyense ndi kukwaniritsa zolinga zake za uzimu. Anthu ambiri akhala akuchita nawo alchemy kuyambira pachiyambi cha kubadwa kwake. Koma udindo waukulu mwa izi unachititsa akatswiri a zamagetsi a ku Middle Ages.

Mmodzi wa akatswiri a zakuthambo otchuka kwambiri amaonedwa kuti Nicola Flamel (zaka za moyo 1330-1418). Nikola anabadwira m'banja losawuka kwambiri, ali mwana adasamukira ku Paris kuti akhale mlembi. Iye anakwatira mkazi wamkati, adalandira ndalama zochepa ndipo adatsegula misonkhano yambiri. Flamel adaganiza zoyamba kugulitsa mabuku. Ntchito yake yamagetsi inayamba ndi maloto, momwe mngelo adawonetsera Flamel buku lomwe liri ndi zinsinsi zonse. Anapeza buku ili ndipo anayamba kuliphunzira mwakhama. Sitikudziwa momwe amatha kumvetsetsa choonadi chonse, koma m'zaka zitatu zokha katswiri wa zamatsenga adapindula kupeza mwala wa filosofi ndi kutembenuza mercury kawirikawiri kukhala siliva, ndipo patapita kanthawi golidi. Kuyambira m'chaka cha 1382, Nikola Flamel anayamba kukula, adagula malo, nyumba. Iye adagwirizana ndi chikondi ndikungopereka ndalama. Kufuula kwa chuma chake chochuluka kunafika kwa mfumu, koma mothandizidwa ndi ziphuphu Flamel anatha kubisala chuma chake kwa mfumu. Mu 1418, alchemist anamwalira. Koma akunena kuti, kuphatikizapo golidi ndi siliva, Nicolas anamvetsa zinsinsi za moyo wosafa. Anayesa imfa yake, ndipo iye ndi mkazi wake anapita ulendo.

Alchemist Paracelsus: mwachidule

Wina wotchuka wotchuka kwambiri anali Paracelsus (zaka za moyo 1493-1541). Munthu uyu anali dokotala wotchuka, ndipo ambiri amakana udindo wake mu alchemy. Pratsels anayesa kupeza mwala wa filosofi, koma sanakhulupirire kuti angapangitse chitsulo kukhala golide. Wa Alchemist ankafunikira kuti amvetsetse chinsinsi cha kusafa ndikupanga mankhwala. Pratsels ankakhulupirira kuti munthu aliyense angathe kuchita chilengedwe chimene sangachite, nthawi yokha ndi khama zimafunika. Mankhwala amapatsa Pratstsels zambiri. Anali dokotala uyu yemwe anakana chiphunzitso chakuti akhunyu amanyansidwa ndi mizimu yoyipa. Wasayansi ananena kuti adatha kupanga miyala ya filosofi, ndipo iye safa, koma anafa, akugwa kuchokera kutali pamene anali ndi zaka 48.

Denis Zasher: Zambiri mwachidule

Denis Zasher (zaka za moyo 1510-1556). Iye anabadwira m'banja labwino. Ali mnyamata adapita ku yunivesite ya Bordeaux kukaphunzira filosofi. Wothandizira wake anali katswiri wa zamaganizo, yemwe adamuwuza mnyamata wamng'onoyo ku sayansi iyi. Pamodzi ndi wothandizira, adaphunzira ndi kuyesa maphikidwe atsopano ndi atsopano a alchemy. Koma nthawi ndi nthawi iwo analephera. Ndalama ya Zasher inatha mwamsanga, choncho anapita kunyumba ndikuyika katundu wake. Koma kuyesera sikubweretse zotsatira, ndipo ndalama zinangoyenderera pa zala zanu. Denis anaganiza zopita ku Paris, kumene anakhala zaka zambiri yekha, akuphunzira nzeru zafilosofi ndi maphikidwe a alchemy. Mu 1550 adakwanitsa kupanga mercury ndi chitsulo chamtengo wapatali - golidi. Denis anagawira ngongole zonse ndipo anapita ku Germany, komwe ankafuna kukhala moyo wautali komanso wosasamala. Koma wachibaleyo anamupha iye atagona, ndipo anasiya ndi mkazi wake.

Seefeld: chidule chachidule

Kwa nthawi yayitali, chidziwitso chaching'ono chimadziwika ponena za katswiriyu. Kuyambira ali mwana Zefeld anali wokondwa kwambiri ndi kuyesedwa. Inde, iye sanapeze zambiri, ndipo kumbali zonse iye ankanyodola. Kenaka adachoka ku Austria ndipo adabwerera pambuyo pa zaka khumi, ndipo adakhala m'tawuni yaying'ono ndi banja lomwe linamulandira. Monga chizindikiro choyamikira, adamuwonetsa mbuye wake momwe adaphunzirira kuchotsa golidi ku zitsulo zamtundu uliwonse. Pasanapite nthawi, mzinda wonse unadziŵa kuti Zephild anali katswiri weniweni wa zamalonda. Mfumu yake inamva za zomwe zinam'chitikirazo ndipo inamupatsa chilango choti akhale m'ndende chifukwa cha chinyengo. Koma posakhalitsa Zefhild adakhululukidwa, koma akadali kuti apitirize kuyeserera kwa mfumu. Koma patapita kanthawi Zefeld anathawira m'dzikoli, ndipo palibe amene amadziwa zambiri za tsogolo lake. Iye anafa kwenikweni mu mlengalenga.

Chifukwa cha zomwe tafotokozazi, zimamveka bwino zomwe alchemy ndizo, chomwe chimapangitsa komanso chifukwa chake chikufunikira.