Zosintha allotropic

Allotrope amatanthauza mphamvu ma atomu a mchitidwe kupanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu zophweka. Choncho anapanga mankhwala osiyana Chrixitu.

zosintha Allotropic ndi khola. Zinthu zonse kuthamanga, pa kutentha zina, zinthu zimenezi akhoza kusuntha yekha zina.

zosintha Allotropic ungadzakhazikitsidwe wa mamolekyulu ndi nambala osiyana maatomu. Mwachitsanzo, mitundu mchitidwe mpweya Mpweya umene (O3) ndi leni mankhwala mpweya (O2).

zosintha Allotropic kungakhale zolimba ndi dongosolo losiyana krustalo. mankhwala zimenezo zimaphatikizapo Mwachitsanzo, diamondi ndi graphite. Izi zinthu - mpweya allotropic kusinthidwa. Izi amafotokozera mankhwala akhoza kupanga zisanu zinthu losavuta: hexagonal ndi diamondi kiyubiki, graphite, carbyne (njira ziwiri).

Hexagonal diamondi opezeka meteorites ndipo anakonza kwa zasayansi ndi Kutentha yaitali mchikakamizo cha kuthamanga kwambiri.

Diamondi amadziwika, ndi chovuta zinthu zonse zili mwa chilengedwe. Agwiritsidwa pamene tikubooleza thanthwe ndi kudula galasi. Diamondi chimaonekera colorless crystalline mankhwala amene ali svetoprelomlyaemostyu mkulu. Diamondi makhiristo ndi nkhope zokha latisi kiyubiki. Theka la atomu galasi ili pa malo m'mbali ndi mfundo za kyubu, ndi theka otsala ma atomu - pa malo nkhope ndi mfundo za kyubu wina, amene kuchepetsa wachibale malangizo oyamba a malo opendekera. maatomu Tetrahedral kupanga gululi atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena amene ali covalent muzikondana.

Zinthu zonse pulayimale okha diamondi alipo nambala pazipita maatomu omwe oyenerera kuli kwambiri. Choncho, pawiri ndi amphamvu kwambiri ndiponso osasinthika. Chokhalitsa chomangira mpweya tetrahedra kupereka mkulu mankhwala kukana. Pa diamondi zingakhudze yekha fluorine kapena mpweya kutentha madigiri eyiti.

Popanda kupeza mpweya pansi Kutentha amphamvu diamondi ndi kusandulika kwa graphite. mankhwala ukufanizidwa ndi timibulu mdima imvi mtundu. Graphite ali ndi kukomoka zachitsulo Sheen. Pa zowawa za chinthu wochuluka. Graphite ndi wolimba ndi kutenthetsa, ali ndi mkulu matenthedwe ndi magetsi madutsidwe. Thunthu ntchito kupanga mapensulo.

Carbyne anakonza synthetically. Wakuda uyu olimba ndi luster kunyezimira. Popanda kupeza mpweya pansi Kutentha carbyne n'kukhala graphite.

Pali wodziwanso kuposa mtundu wa mpweya - amorphous mpweya. Izi dongosolo unordered analandira mwa Kutentha mankhwala mpweya munali. madipoziti Large khala zimapezeka m'tchire. Pankhaniyi, thunthu ali mitundu angapo. Malasha zikhoza akuimira mu mawonekedwe a mwaye, fupa gale-, kapena coke.

Monga kale anasonyeza, wina allotropic kusinthidwa kwa mchitidwe wa yodziwika ndi dongosolo losiyana interatomic. Komanso, iwo amanenedwa ndi mankhwala osiyana ndi thupi katundu.

Sulfa ndi chinthu zina amatha allotropes. mankhwala ntchito ndi munthu kuchokera kalelo. Pali osiyana allotropic zosintha sulfure. Wotchuka kwambiri ndi rhombic. Iwo ukufanizidwa ndi lachikasu olimba. Rhombic sulfure si uyu wasambitsa ndi madzi (zoyandama). Mundawu ntchito m'zigawo za thunthu. Rhombic sulfure ndi sungunuka mankhwala ndiponso. thunthu ali osauka magetsi ndi matenthedwe madutsidwe.

Kuwonjezera pamenepa, pulasitiki ndipo monoclinic sulfure. Woyamba ndi zofiirira amorphous (mphira ngati) misa. Iwo aumbike, ngati madzi ozizira kutsanulira osungunula sulfure. Monoclinic ankayimiridwa ngati mdima masingano chikasu. Mothandizidwa yozungulira (kapena kuyandikira kwa) onse zosintha zimenezi kutentha pochitika mu rhombic sulfure.