Kodi bukhu. Pamene buku loyamba

bukuli umakhudza zoyambitsidwa ena aakulu akale - kulemba, mapepala, inki. Kodi buku loyamba , ndi kuti ukufanizidwa - zambiri za imeneyi.

Tanthauzo chiyambi cha mawu

Buku m'njira zamakono mawu - wapadera mankhwala, wopangidwa mwa masamba payekha kapena mapepala amene kusindikiza kapena njira kalembedwe ka ntchito mfundo iliyonse.

Pa chinenero Chisilavo anawatcha «kniga". Mwina, mawu wakhala anaitenga ku zinenero zakale Turkic. Izo zimatanthauza "mpukutu."

Pamene buku loyamba? Yankho la funso limeneli kumafuna mosamalitsa zinthu popanda omwe iwo sakanakhoza zidzachitika. Choyamba - ichi ndi chuma kwa chilengedwe kulembamo (pepala); ndipo limatanthauza kuti kusunga (mu kulemba). Pokhapokha maonekedwe awo ndi mbiri ya buku anayamba.

kulemba

Buku lili zambiri. Kulemba izo, tiyenera zinthu zotsatirazi: cholowa script ndi mapepala. Kale anthu ntchito kufala m'kamwa mwa chidziwitso. Pamene iwo anali ochepa, njira iyi ya likuyandikira. Koma kudzikundikira zomwe zinali zofunika kupeza njira zatsopano kwa HIV ndi kusunga. Choncho anthu anatulukira kulemba. Tsopano onse kuti anthu adziwe za dziko, izo zikanakhala zotheka kuti alembe, motero chidziwitso chopulumutsa wapatali kalekale m'mibadwo yanu.

Kodi bukuli? Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa mafunso ochititsa chidwi kwambiri m'mbiri ya anthu. Yankhani zovuta, chifukwa chikhalidwe chachikulu maonekedwe a mabuku - kulemba anabadwa pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo ku Mesopotamia ndi Iguputo. Komabe, kanjedza nkhaniyi, asayansi kupereka Sumerians, kukhulupirira kuti Mesopotamia (Mesopotamia) anali dziko loyamba kumene kunali script.

Zimene zinalembedwa akale?

Kodi bukuli? yofunika kwambiri imeneyi ankaimba mapepala. Aliyense chitukuko ndo zake kulemba mfundo, wakhala ntchito kusunga chidziwitso cha zinthu zosiyana: zimayambira mbewu, masamba, miyala ya dongo, makungwa, zitsulo.

Mbale - chuma wamkulu kwa kulemba. Iwo anali magulu awiri: Sera ndi dongo. mphamvu atsopano bwinobwino zipolopolo ndi kukonzanso lemba pambuyo zinali zosatheka. mapiritsi sera limakupatsani kufufuta chizindikiro ndi ntchito ina. Iwo ankagwiritsa ntchito ku Mesopotamia ndi Rome.

Mipukutu lopangidwa ndi gumbwa zimayambira, choyamba ntchito Aigupto wakale. Ndiye mtundu wa pepala anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito kulemba ku Foinike ndipo kenako Ahelene kumudziwa. Kwa nthawi yaitali mipukutu ntchito monga chuma mmalo yabwino mbiri. Chifukwa fragility gumbwa sangathe apangidwe, koma izo zikhoza kusokonekera mu mtunda wautali, amene anali yabwino masitolo. Komanso, inki ku amtunduwu mosavuta anatsuka kutali, ndipo akhoza reused.

Pamene buku loyamba - zimene sayansi imanena?

Lolembedwa mu miyala wakale, miyala, mafupa nyama, buku sangathe adzatchedwa. Awa anali munthu mawu osati mawu. Koma malinga ndi mfundo analandira pamene kafukufuku pofukula, zikamera mabuku oyamba kunayamba kalekale. Kunja, ndi wosiyana kwambiri ndi anzawo a makono.

Mabuku oyamba anaonekera mu III Zakachikwi BC. e. ku Mesopotamia. The zipolopolo mapale zakhala zikuzunza m'miyoyo mu matabwa mabokosi, ndipo aliyense anaimira osiyana "buku". Mu Roma, 2-4 mbale angongole pamodzi ndi malamulo analandira (buku) a "mapepala" zingapo.

Kodi buku loyamba mu Ages Middle?

Kwa nthawi yaitali amtunduwu mipukutu zinali ponseponse. Koma iwo anali yochepa moyo, ndipo ndithudi amtunduwu ku Iguputo anakula kunadetsa osowa mbewu. Mkubwela kwa Chikhristu malemba opatulika igwirike ndi cholimba kwambiri ndi zosavuta kusamalira chuma. Anakhala zikopa zopangidwa ndi chikopa cha nyama. Nthawi zambiri ntchito kupanga ake zikopa za mbuzi, nkhosa ndi ng'ombe. Zikopa apangidwe popanda kuwononga. Patapita nthawi, anayamba kupanga mabuku.

Mabuku oyamba Zapakati ndi pafupifupi munthu wosiyana mawonekedwe ano. Iwo amakhala ndi masamba angapo ndipo ndi chivundikiro. mabuku amenewa anali okwera mtengo kwambiri. Icho chimapangitsa wina anatenga nyama zikopa 500 ndi zaka 2-3 ntchito alembi ndi ojambula zithunzi. Iwo nthawi zambiri chokongoletsedwa ndi malipiro mtengo wa golidi, ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali.

Kodi buku Russia? Koma m'dziko lathu, lili ndi mbiri yake ya maonekedwe mipukutu woyamba ndi malemba. Nkhani mwambo kalata zaka XI-XV panali munthu birch makungwa Inagwira. Iwo anali woyamba anatulukira lalikulu zedi mu Veliky Novgorod m'zaka za m'ma XX.

Birch makungwa anali kosalimba ndi wotchipa kugwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka kwa makalata payekha. zikalata zofunika kwambiri linalembedwa pazikopa.

Typography - A tsamba latsopano mu zochitika za maonekedwe a bukhu

Mipukutu mtengo, ndi kupereka moyo wapamwamba wa kukhala m'nyumba zawo akanakhoza kokha anthu olemera kwambiri. Mu Middle Ages anthu omwe dipuloma anali negligible. Iwo anali makamaka Chimonko, masikolala ndi akuluakulu a atsogoleri a boma (alembi).

Mu VIII atumwi ku Europe pali mayunivesite choyamba. States amafuna ambiri anthu ophunzira. Koma ophunzirawo angathe kugula tomes mtengo. Nthawi zambiri yekha buku anali Pulofesa wina amene anali kupereka uphungu, ndi ophunzirawo kuloweza izo.

Ndi nthawi, mu China ndi ku East, kale ntchito thabwa - kusindikiza pa nsalu. Koma njira imeneyi zinali zofuna ndalama, chifukwa nsalu unali mtengo.

Ku Ulaya, mkubwela kwa pepala m'zaka za m'ma XV, kusindikiza kupangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito makina osindikizira. Pa chikhalidwe choyamba kupeza izi njira yopangira mabuku Johann Guttenberg. Ndipotu, makina osindikizira kale ntchito mu mayiko osiyanasiyana a ku Ulaya. Gutenberg Kutulukira chachikulu kuti akonze makina osindikizira.

Pamene mabuku anaonekera zinayamba kutheka popereka nzeru osati malo a kalasi mwayi: anthu otchuka, atsogoleri achipembedzo komanso akuluakulu a sayansi. Pang'ono ndi buku pogwiritsa ntchito makina linayamba kupezeka kwa ena alionse.

Pamene woyamba kusindikizidwa buku Russian? awo zimenezi zinachitika mu 1564. Lisanaperekedwe, dziko ndithu kuti atagonjetsa mtundu uwu tomes mwa alembi ndi makina. mabuku amenewa anali palibe uthenga yaitali mu Russia pa nthawi ya kulengedwa kwa yosindikiza chake choyamba.

Woyamba Russian kusindikizidwa buku anali "mtumwi" - mwaluso kwenikweni, analenga Ivanom Fedorovym ndi Petrom Mstislavtsem.

afterword

funso n'lakuti, kodi buku ndi nthawi zogwirizana ndi mwana kuposa wina adzati kusukulu kapena kunyumba. Books, onyamula nzeru, kusintha pa nthawi. Tsopano iwo akhoza kumva kapena kuwerenga Baibulo pakompyuta, koma iwo ali nafe.