Adam Oleary: kuyenda, moyo pambuyo pawo, ku ntchito ya

Mu zaka XVII-XVIII. Azungu anamanga fano lawolo wa Russia potengera chuma cha Buku lolembedwa ndi Adamu Olearius. chapaulendo ichi acezela katatu Muscovy. Choncho Russia wotchedwa azungu. Olearius anasiya nkhani ya moyo ndi malamulo Russian. manotsi ake anapanga pamene anali ku kazembeyo, ehavshem Persia.

Childhood ndi Education

Traveler Adam Olearius anabadwa September 24, 1599 m'tauni German wa Aschersleben. Iye anachokera ku banja yosavuta ntchito kalasi. bambo ake anali telala. Mutu wa banja, anamwalira patapita nthawi yochepa kubadwa kwa mwana wake. Ngakhale tsiku ndi tsiku ndi umphawi, Adamu anali wokhoza kuti alembetse yunivesite ya Leipzig. Mu 1627 anakhala Master wa Philosophy.

Young wasayansi anayamba kugwira ntchito ku yunivesite kwawo, koma ntchito yake maphunziro ankafunika chifukwa cha ochuluka zaka makumi atatu nkhondo. Kuphana anakhudzidwa ndi Saxony. Adam Oleary anaganiza kuti moyo wake ndipo anapita kumpoto, kumene nkhondo konse anafika. Wafilosofi anapeza chitetezo pa bwalo la Duke Frederick III wa Holstein. Olearius anali si nzeru zapamwamba komanso orientalist, mbiri, masamu ndi sayansi. Iye ankadziwa zinenero kalelo. Duke kutamandidwa luso kawirikawiri ndi kusiya wasayansi mu utumiki wake.

ulendo oyamba

Mu 1633, Frederick III anatumiza akazembe ake oyamba mu Russia ndi Persia. The Duke ankafuna kuti ndiyambe wamphamvu limasonyeza malonda awa olemera ndi lalikulu dziko, pamene iwo anagulitsa katundu kawirikawiri ndi wofunika kwa azungu. Loyamba la Germany onse anali ndi chidwi kugula silika kum'mawa. Pa mutu wa ntchito akazembe a anaikidwa Philipp Von Kruzenshtern ndi wamalonda Otto Brugman. Adam Oleary anakhala wotanthauzira ndi mlembi, mbiri chilichonse chimene chachitika ndi dziko la Germany mu ulendo wawo. Ndi mbali zinamuthandiza kenako dongosolo zolemba ake ambiri ndi kufalitsa buku Russia, amene wakhala wotchuka kumadzulo kwa Ulaya.

Panali anthu 36 kazembeyo. Malinga Adam Oleary, njira oimira anadutsa Riga, Narva ndi Novgorod. The Germany mwalamulo anafika ku Moscow pa August 14, 1634. Mu likulu, kazembe wa dziko amayesetsa miyezi 4. Russian Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich (mfumu yoyamba ya Romanov mafumu) walola alendo ulere kupita ku Persia. Komabe, cholinga anakhazikidwa kale pamaso pa akazembe lotsatira. Choyamba kuimira chilolezo cha m'tsogolo, ndinapita kunyumba ndipo anabwerera Gottorp mu April 1635. Malinga ndi German katswiri Adam Olearius, Moscow analandira ndi manja aŵiri. Mikhail Fedorovich anali ndi chidwi kulankhula ku Ulaya komanso, ngati iwo akufuna kugwirizana ndi Russian. Miyezi inayi mu mzinda ndi masabata angapo panjira Adam Oleary mwakhama olembedwa pa pepala zonse zimaoneka.

ulendo wachiwiri

Frederick III anasangalala ndi zotsatira za choyamba kuyambirira akazembe. Iye zipitirirabe n'kuyamba bungwe ulendo wachiwiri. Panthawi imeneyi, katswiri wina Adam Olearius sanali kokha mlembi womasulira, komanso mlangizi wa ofesi ya kazembe. The Germany anali kupita kwenikweni kumalire a dziko - mu Asia, kumene ngakhale m'zaka za m'ma XVII, panali pafupifupi palibe azungu.

Malinga Adam Oleary, gululo anapita ku Nyanja Hamburg October 22, 1635. M'sitimayo anali mphatso zambiri kwa Russian Tsar ndi Persian Shah Safi I. Koma ulendo limatenga Hogland Island mu nyanja ya Baltic, chombo linasweka pa miyala. mphatso zonse ndi nyota atayika. Anthu sanaphedwe, iwo m'galimoto yangayo kuti abwezeretse Hogland. Chifukwa cha mavuto a ku Germany anali pafupi mwezi kumangozungulira pa doko Baltic Nyanja ngalawa.

Pomaliza akazembe anali Revel. Kumapeto kwa March 1636 anasamukira ku Moscow, ndi mu June anasamukira ku Persia. Njira anathamanga kudutsa nyumba za a akazembe Kolomna ndi Nizhny Novgorod. Doko m'dera la Lübeck mbuye Pre-anamanga shlezvigtsev ngalawa imene iwo anapita ndi Volga nafika Nyanja Caspian. Malinga Adam Oleary, magalimoto awa amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi amalonda ndi asodzi, ankasakidwa pa izi mtsinje nsomba wolemera. Ndipo nthawi iyi ofesi ya kazembe osati zoyembekezeka kumaliza ulendo wawo popanda chochitika. Raffle mkuntho kuwinduka bwato pagombe pafupi ndi mudzi wa Chiazebajani Nizabat. Chakumapeto December, dziko la Germany anafika kumalire Shamakhi.

Khalani mu Persia ndi kubwerera kunyumba

Kwatsala miyezi inayi, iwo anali kuyembekezera chilolezo cha boma cha Shah kusuntha. Malinga ndi German wasayansi Adam Oleary, akazembe anali okonzekera izo, pozindikira kuti makhalidwe ndi malamulo a anthu East ali ukasintha osiyana European. Mu August 1637 akazembe anafika ku Isfahan - likulu la Persia. Apo izo anakhala mpaka mapeto a December. ndimabwerera anali kudutsa Astrakhan, Kazan ndi Nizhny Novgorod. January 2, 1639 Adam Olearius anali kumbuyo mu Moscow. Russian Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich amamuganizira ndipo anadzipereka kuti akhalebe ku Russia monga bwalo sikolala ndipo zakuthambo. Komabe Oleary anakana ulemu uwu, ndipo mu August 1639 anabwerera ku Germany. Mu TH 1643 anapita kachiwiri Moscow, ngakhale osati woterowo ulendo wautali. Kuti inali nthawi yomaliza Olearius anapita Russia.

Ulendo wonse anali tsoka. Zingati ndalama zambiri duchy, koma palibe mgwirizano pa malonda ndi Perisiya m'dziko Russian sanali anavomera. Komanso, mutu wa Otto Brugman ofesi ya kazembe molakwa mphamvu zawo, nchifukwa chake iye kunabuka nkhondo ndi anzake. Atabwerera kunyumba, German katswiri Adam Olearius anakhala wozenga mlandu pa mlandu bwana wake wakale. Brugmann anaphedwa zinyalala zimabwezera kulephera Duke malamulo.

buku Oleary

Mu 1647 bukhu linasindikizidwa Oleary "Kufotokozera Travel kwa Muscovy" umene ndondomeko ya limafotokozera kwathunthu kwa ulendo wake ku East. Buku yomweyo zinatchuka. Chifaniziro cha ku Ulaya za Russia anali samveka kwambiri, ndipo iwo mwachidwi kuzidya mfundo iliyonse zokhudza dziko lino lakutali. Ankalemba Olearius kalekale apadera ndi olemera mwatsatanetsatane. Pa tsamba lililonse la bukuli kudziwa wake, erudition ndi zakuthambo. Ntchito linamasuliridwa m'zinenero zambiri European. Gawo la Buku Olearius anakhala gwero chosatha olakwika za Muscovy ndi malamulo ake auve zachilendo.

Komanso, mtengo wapadera Tizitha anaphedwa pa zojambula mkuwa chosonyeza zachilendo azungu zojambula za moyo Russian. Mlembi awo anali yekha Adam Oleary. Transport ndi ulendo umo_mosangalala amaloledwa kutenga zida zonse zofunikira. Zojambula analengedwa mwachindunji pa ulendo mapazi a zidindo atsopano. Tinamaliza iwo kale mu Germany. Ku Ulaya inatha zojambula, chosonyeza okhala Muscovy. Makamaka izi Oleary kunyumba Russian zovala dziko, komanso chikhalidwe ntchito zitsanzo muno atavala kamba madiresi ndi kaftans.

maonekedwe Russian

Buku Oleary anali machaputala ambiri, omwe ankachita ndi wina kapena mbali ina ya moyo Russian. Payokha, wolemba anafotokoza maonekedwe ndi zovala kwa anthu Muscovy. tsitsi lalitali anadalira yekha kwa ansembe. Olemekezeka anali haircuts zonse. Akazi anakonda reddening ndi belitsya, ndi zina zambiri evropeek kuti yomweyo chidwi ndi Germany mbadwa.

Menswear Oleary ankaona zofanana kwambiri ndi Chigiriki. Ponseponse anali malaya lonse ndi kabudula amene amavala zamphepo yaitali ndi yopapatiza, atapachikidwa kuti maondo. Munthu aliyense anavala chipewa kuti zikuwoneka kuti akhoza kudziwa adzadziwire munthu amacheza nawo. Akalonga, olemekezeka ndi alangizi boma anajambula iwo ngakhale pamisonkhano anthu. Zisoti iwo anali opangidwa ndi nkhandwe mtengo kapena sable. nzika wamba m'chilimwe ankavala zipewa za mwake woyera, ndipo m'nyengo yozizira - nsalu.

Russian lalifupi ndi lakuthwa kutsogolo nsapato za chikopa Russian kapena Morocco anakumbutsa nsapato Polish. Malinga ndi wasayansi Adam Oleary, atsikana anayenda nsapato ndi zidendene mkulu. zovala akazi kwambiri ngati amuna, koma mikanjo yawo likanakhala onse ndi konsekonse mtundu zingwe ndi golide kuluka.

Zakudya ndi ubwino wa Muscovites

A wasayansi German wapanga notsi pa moyo ndi umoyo wa Russian. Zonsezi chidwi kwambiri mu ubiquitous Adam Oleary. Malinga ndi wasayansi German, okhala Muscovy anali osauka kwambiri kuposa Germany. Ngakhale apamwamba, amene anali Terem ndi nyumba zachifumu, kumanga ndi zaka makumi atatu otsiriza, ndipo izo zisanachitike, ndipo ankakhala wokongola zoipa. Akulankhula za nthawi iyi, Olearius ankanena za Time ya Mavuto pamene Russia anali munali nkhondo yapachiweniweni ndi Polish alowererepo.

wamba chakudya tsiku inkakhala turnips, dzinthu, kabichi, nkhaka, mchere ndi nsomba. Ngakhale azungu pafupifupi anali "wolobodoka nkhongono ndi wachisasati mbale," palibe Russian izi sanadziwe ndi sanayese. Oleary kudziŵika kuti msipu zazikulu za Muscovy anapereka bwino nkhosa, ng'ombe ndi nkhumba. Komabe, Russian pang'ono anadya nyama, pafupifupi theka anachokera kudya okhwima mu Orthodox kalendala yao. M'malo mbale zosiyanasiyana nsomba wothira masamba.

Oleary ndinkadabwa mtundu wapadera wa masikono Russian, imene inkatchedwa mikate. Mu Muscovy iwo unali nazo zochuluka za Nsombazi caviar, amene amadutsa pa migolo pa ngolo ndi sleds. Malinga ndi wasayansi Adam Oleary, magalimoto awa amagwiritsidwa ntchito yobereka mankhwala ena kuti sizinachitike m'mizinda.

polity

Makamaka Oleary anafotokoza dongosolo Russian boma. Mu malo oyamba, anaona wokakamiza udindo wa ambuye lopambana kwa mfumu yake, zimene pamapeto, anasamukira ku akuluakulu m'munsi mlingo ndipo potsiriza, anthu wamba.

M'zaka za m'ma XVII ambiri anali mu Russian chilango logwirika. Iwo ntchito ngakhale poyerekezera ndi olemekezeka ndi amalonda olemera amene Mwachitsanzo, unexcused anaphonya omvera ndi mfumu. Mtima kwa mfumu monga mulungu anaika kuyambira ndili wamng'ono. Akuluakulu ouziridwa makonzedwe ana awo, ndi iwo iwonso ana awo. Ku Ulaya, madongosolo kale m'mbuyomu.

Oleary, kuphunzira malo a boyars ndi, ananena kuti amatumikira kwa mfumu amchigulu, komanso makhoti ndi maudindo. Choncho German anali chizolowezi lace madongosolo - Ministries Russian akalambula. Total awerengedwa 33 Oleary ofesi. Iye ananenanso kuopsa kwa Moscow mabwalo amilandu. Ngati munthu limanenela kuba, izo akuyamba kuyesa kupeza ngati anaba chinachake. Opha nyama kukwapulidwa, anakoka m'mphuno ndi T. D.

Makhoti ambiri anali m'mabwalo a mangawa ndi amangawa. Monga ulamuliro, anthu anaikidwa pa nthawi imene iwo angawagwiritsire kulipira ndalama chofunika. Ngati ngongole si woyenera mu nthawi ino, ndiye iye anatumizidwa kundende wapadera ngongole. akaidi awa anatengedwera tsiku lililonse pa msewu pamaso pa Chancellery analanga kumenya nkhuni pa shins lapansi.

Mpingo Orthodox

Mu Moscow ndi XVII atumwi, panali chiwerengero chachikulu cha mipingo kuti anati Adam Oleary. Mabishopu chaka chilichonse anayambitsa kumanga mipingo yatsopano. Oleary anayesedwa ku likulu la Russia, 4000 ansembe a chonse cha anthu a anthu 200 sauzande. Amonke anayenda mzinda ndi malaya yaitali wakuda, pamwamba pa zomwe adali ofanana mtundu malaya. makhalidwe ena kuvomerezedwa anali zotulutsira awo (bonnets) ndi ndodo.

Kuti akhale wansembe, munthu anayenera kuti mbiri yabwino, ndiye kudali mayeso ndipo kutsimikizira bungwe kuti athe kuwerenga, kulemba ndi kuimba. Amonke Muscovite anali apamwamba kuposa mu mayiko a ku Ulaya. Izi tinaonera Adamu Olearius. Moscow mabishopu mbamphedza mchitidwe ambiri osati Moscow komanso anamwazikana m'dziko kunja m'mizinda. German m'buku lake ananenetsa kuti ansembe Russian limabwezeretsa kwa Mpingo Byzantine Orthodox, ndipo mbali ya malamulo awo mosiyana kuti miyambo Katolika. Mwachitsanzo, ansembe kumukwatira komanso kulera ana, pamene kumadzulo kuyamba banja kunali kosatheka. Akhanda anabatizidwa nthawi yomweyo pambuyo pa kubadwa. Ndipo ichi chachitika, osati kwa atsogoleri achipembedzo mabanja awo komanso anthu wamba onse. Ubatizo wotere mopupuluma kunali koyenera chifukwa cha tiganizira kuti anthu onse amabadwira mu uchimo, ndi chabe kudziyeretsa mwamwambo angapulumutse mwana asaipitsidwe ndi.

Mabishopu anapita ku Moscow mu sledges wapadera, yokutidwa ndi nsalu wakuda. Malinga Adam Oleary, zoyendera linatsindika wapadera malo kukhalamo. Patapita kanthawi, kale pansi Aleksei Mikhailovich anaonekera mphunzitsi, amene anayamba ntchito mbadwa ndi metropolitans. Ngati amuna onse a mfumu ankalambira mulungu, ndipo mfumu nayenso mosamalitsa kutsatira miyambo yonse ya mpingo, ndipo mwa ichi iye sanali osiyana ndi anthu ake. Russian XVII m'ma wayesetsa kutsatira kalendara. Lamlungu lililonse celebratory utumiki wa pa kachisi, ndipo ngakhale mfumu sangapite kumeneko, kapena kukhala mu mpingo ataphimba kumutu.

Volga

Mu Nizhny Novgorod, ndi XVII m'ma anakhalapo Russian, Chitata ndi Germany. Choncho, unali mzinda kum'mawa kumene Lutheran Church ndipo anakwanitsa kuchita momasuka chipembedzo chawo. Pamene Adamu Oleary anafika kumeneko, m'dera German unali ndi anthu zana. Alendo ndiyenera Nizhny Novgorod zifukwa zosiyanasiyana. Ena ankachita moŵa, ena akapitawo nkhondo, ena ankasakidwa distillery.

Zombo Nizhny Novgorod kufika kuchokera konsekonse Volga. Malinga Adam Oleary, galimoto ntchito "Cheremis Chitata" (ie, Mari), amene anakhala pansi Volga. German wasayansi anawasiya chidwi nkhani. Cheremis, kuchokera ku banki lamanja la Volga, wotchedwa zomwe zili. Iwo ankakhala kwake yosavuta, anadya masewera kuthengo, uchi, ndiponso chifukwa cha ulimi nyama.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti m'buku Olearius mbadwa m'dera wotchedwa "anthu zolusa, wonyenga ndi matsenga." Ndithudi anachitira pa pepala mphekesera zimenezo zimene zinali zotchuka kwambiri pakati pa Russian Volga wamba amene ankaopa Cheremisses. kudziwika amenewa chifukwa chakuti ambiri mwa iwo, ndi m'zaka za zana XVII anali achikunja.

Zaka zomalizira za Adam Oleary

Oleary moyo wake anakhala mu Schleswig. Iye anakhala pa bwalo la Duke, inali masamu ndi mabuku. Mu 1651 anasankhidwa ndi zochuluka za polojekiti - chilengedwe cha Gottorp lonse. Pa nthawi yatsoka anali lalikulu kwambiri mu dziko (m'mimba mwake ake anafika mamita atatu). Chimango katundu mwankhanza nyumba ndipo anapangana motsogozedwa ndi Oleary kwa zaka zingapo. Frederick III wa, anakhala E polojekiti, sanakhale moyo mpaka kutsegula kwa dziko lapansi. Anadziŵa kuti anthu akutsatira Duke Mkhristu Albrecht.

Globe ali M'mimbamo mkati mwa amene anaikidwa tebulo ndi benchi kwa anthu 12. Loŵani mukhoza kudzera pakhomo. Kumbali kunja kwa mapu Earth panayikidwa. Mwa planetarium ndi magulu a. Kamangidwe yapadera. makadi awiri nthawi imodzi atembenuza. Pansi Peter Ine lonse anali kupatsidwa ndi Russia. Iye anali mu Kunstkammer, natenthedwa pamoto mu 1747. Kuyambira chozizwitsa cha zomangamanga ndi geospatial ndinaganiza yekha kusunga khomo, umene panthawi imeneyo unali kusungidwa mu m'chipinda chapansi pa nyumba. Kenako analenga buku la chitsanzo choyambirira.

Kuwonjezera mabuku Russia ndi padziko lonse planetarium Adam Oleary anali mundondomeko zina zambiri. Iye analemba prose, lotembenuzidwa zopeka, ndipo anakhazikitsa pamanja wa Perisiya dictionary. Koma wasayansi wotchuka zinafika chifukwa cha ulendo wake ku East, ndipo zolemba za Russia. Adam Oleary anafa 1671.