Kodi chigumula? Zoyambitsa ndi mitundu ya kusefukira kwa madzi

Umunthu ndi bwino madzi osefukira kuchokera kalelo. Tamva za osefukira pa Mtsinje Yellow (mu 2297 BC) ndi Nile (zaka 3000 zapitazo). Poyamba, masoka zachilengedwe ali osowa kwambiri, koma m'zaka za m'ma otsiriza, pafupipafupi awo ndi kukula kuwonongeka kwa iwo chakwera kwambiri. Ngati timatenga nthawi BC, chigumula owopsa zimayambitsa tikambirana pansipa, chinachitika pafupi kamodzi zaka 50 (mwachitsanzo China). Panopa, mavuto amenewa amapezeka nthawi zingapo pa chaka. Mu kwambiri "Mubalane," MASOKA izi zimachitika pa intervals wa masiku 2-3, kodi nthawi yomweyo amatiuza atolankhani. Mwina ndicho chifukwa "Chigumula" mutu zogwirizana ndi anthu ambiri. Ndi chidwi ndi kukula nthawi zonse.

mavuto Water

Izo ziri zodziwika bwino kuti chitukuko cha anthu chimadalira pa khalidwe ka madzi. andale ambiri ndi akatswiri amakhulupirira kuti vuto la madzi ndi mu malo oyamba mu mndandanda wa mavuto wamba m'zaka zingapo zapitazi. "Nkhani Water" mungakumane zinthu zinayi: pamene palibe kapena osakwanira wopatsa moyo madzi, omwe sanali kugwilizana ulamuliro wa matupi madzi akadakwanitsira ntchito zinthu zachilengedwe, pa chakudya mode kuti si kukumana ndi zosowa chuma ndiponso umoyo wa anthu, ndipo ndi muyeso chinyezi m'madera asezare akuvutika chifukwa chifukwa cha madzi a chigumula. Padziko lonse, woyamba nkhani atatu akhala kwaiye m'ma adachoka, wachinayi likusautsabe anthu kuyambira nthawi zakale. Ngakhale anthu anamvetsa chimene chigumula, ndipo alandira miyeso kuteteza motsutsa izo, iwo sakanakhoza bwino lino. Ndipo lililonse m'zaka za kuwonongeka tsoka anapitiriza kuwonjezeka. Only mu theka lachiwiri la zaka mazana makumi awiri, kuwonongeka ake chinawonjezeka ndi nthawi 10.

nkhani

Dziwani amayenera tsiku chigumula, mungathe kugwiritsa ntchito Mapa hydrological. Ndi phunziro umalimbana substantiation sayansi ya kukula ndi chikhalidwe cha tsokalo. Zoneneratu anawagawa wapamwamba yaitali (oposa 1 kotala), nthawi yaitali (milungu 3), yochepa (masiku 10-12), madera ndi makonsolo. Zotsatira ndi mmene chigumula zimadalira kutalika, chikhalidwe cha dothi, nyengo, mtunda, liwiro otaya, kutalika nyamuka madzi ndi zinthu zina. Aliyense anamva nthano ya Chigumula. Akatswiri ambiri amene akudziwa chomwe chigumula, Iwo amakhulupirira kuti maziko a miyambo ya chigumula kwenikweni chinachitika mu madera osiyana a dziko lapansi tsoka. Ethnographers, azambiriyakale, geographers ndi akatswiriwa anapeza kuti 3 Rd and 4 TH Zakachikwi BC, masoka izi zachitika Mesopotamia. malo kumene kuli m'chigwa cha mtsinje wa Firate ndi Tigirisi ankaoneka kuti anthu dziko lonse. Choncho chigumula wautali kwambiri ndi kwambiri amene anakhudzidwa n'zogwirizana ndi Chigumula. Tsopano zakale mbiri yakale komanso akatswiri ena achita ntchito yambiri phunziro miyambo ya Chigumula. Kutengera pa mndandanda wa miyambo imeneyi, chikhamu chachikulu zachitika pafupifupi mbali zonse za dziko lapansi. Ndipo mndandanda ndi chidwi kwambiri. Pamafunikanso nkhani ya chigumula mu mayiko onse a dziko.

Chigumula yaikulu

Ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu, kudula mitengo ndi zina zoipa chikhalidwe cha zochita za anthu, cigumula anayamba zimachitika kawirikawiri kwambiri. Kumayambiriro kwa nkhani ino ife anatchula awiri Kusefukira kwa madzi. Ndani angafotokoze zambiri za angapo.

1. Madzi osefukira ku Europe. Kuphunzira Germany, UK ndi Netherlands mu 1953. Ngati wamphamvu aakulu mphamvu mphepo yokutidwa kugombe la kumpoto kwa mafunde yaikulu. Unachititsa nyamuka zakuthwa madzi (mamita 3-4) mu mitsinje ya Scheldt, ndi Meuse, Rhine ndi mitsinje ina. Kuposa ena onse Netherlands zowawa. 8% gawolo anali anasefukira. Kupha pafupifupi 2,000 anthu.

2. Kusefukira mu Ganges ankadziwana. Izo zinachitika mu 1970. 10 mita yoweyula kuphimba mtsinje wopatulika, ndipo anam'patsa kumbuyo. Linamizidwa pafupifupi 20,000 sq. Km. Aonongedwa mazana a m'midzi ndi ambiri am'midzi. Inapha anthu oposa 1.5 miliyoni. Man. Chichitikireni chigumula anawononga pafupifupi onse zitsime, ndi pachimake kuchepa kwa madzi akumwa. Masauzande ambiri anafa ndi njala ndi mliri wa tayifodi ndiponso kolera.

3. Amur chigumula. Izo zinachitika pa gawo la Chitaganya cha Russia mu July 2013. The kuwonongeka okwana kuposa 3 biliyoni rubles. Anawawononga 29 milatho. Anangotengeka pafupifupi 300 makilomita misewu. Lowonongeka ulimi. Mu zone inundation anali midzi oposa khumi.

Zoyambitsa ndi mitundu ya kusefukira kwa madzi

Pakuti kumvetsa bwino nkhaniyi, tiyeni chimatanthauza izi tsoka. Ndipotu, osati aliyense amadziwa chigumula kuti. Tiyeni kukonza kuchotsa izi. The tanthauzo losavuta - ali ndi madzi madera kwambiri m'dziko. Tiyeni atchule zifukwa tsoka limeneli.

zifukwa

1. Snowmelt.

2. Tsunami mafunde.

3. yaitali mvula.

4. Anthropogenic zimayambitsa.

Pali zimayambitsa mwachindunji zokhudzana ndi chiwonongeko cha madamu ndi zochitika hayidiroliki kugwirizitsa, ndi mozungulira - zogona ndi mafakitale nyumba, ngalande achinyontho, kudula mitengo. Zonsezi chimasintha hydrological boma la mitsinje chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zigawo zikuluzikulu padziko paulimi. Kuchepetsa nkhalango zonse zingawonjezere otaya pazipita mpaka 300%.

Tsopano tiyeni tione mitundu ikuluikulu ya madzi osefukira. Tikukhulupirira kuti owerenga, mutu umenewu udzakhala wosangalatsa kwambiri.

mitundu

1. Chigumula. Kumachitika pamene kasupe m'firiji pamtunda m'chipululu kapena mu mapiri. Iwo ali periodicity nyengo. Yodziwika ndi nyamuka yofunika kwambiri madzi.

2. Chigumula. Zidzachitika yozizira thaws chifukwa chisanu Sungunulani kapena mvula. Zilibe bwino kutchulidwa periodicity. Yodziwika ndi nyamuka mwachilungamo yochepa kwambiri madzi.

3. atapachikidwa madamu ayezi ndi chigumula phala. Zimacitika pamene pamene mabacteria munthu mtsinje amalenga zoipa madzi. Vutolo limachitika kwa kudzikundikira floes ayezi mu kaduka njira pa ayezi kulowerera (kuchulukana), kapena amaundana-mmwamba (sachedwa chifukwa ayezi). Phatikizani osefukira la mtsinje aumbike m'chaka oyambirira kapena mochedwa yozizira. Iwo ali ndi mkulu nyamuka yochepa mu madzi. Atapachikidwa ayezi madamu osefukira limapezeka pa chiyambi cha dzinja. Iwo amakhala ndi nyamuka kwambiri wa madzi ndi nthawi yaitali kwa ngoziyi.

4. kukakhala osefukira. Nyamuka chifukwa cha mphepo kapena kukakhala ku mitsinje, komanso mbali ndithu mphepo ya mosungiramo, nyanja yaikulu ndi nyanja. Iwo angayambe pa nthawi iliyonse pachaka. Mulibe periodicity. Kukwera kwa madzi - kwambiri.

5. Madzi osefukira chifukwa damu kulephera. Nsautso amapezeka madzi spout ku nkhokwe madzi kapena chifukwa cha nyumba yojambula kuthamanga (madamu, dykes ndi T. D.) Kapena mwadzidzidzi madzi kumaliseche. Chifukwa china - kutulukira zachilengedwe a damu chifukwa zinthu zachilengedwe (kugumuka, zigumukire, etc ...). M'kupita kwa ngoziyi opangidwa ndi funde yojambula anasefukira madera akuluakulu ndi kapena kuwononga zinthu (nyumba, nyumba, ndi ena.), Anamupeza m'njira ya kayendedwe ake.

Kotero, ife tinapeza zimayambitsa ndi mitundu ya madzi osefukira, koma sikutheka kuiwala kuti masoka zachilengedwe Komanso magulu. Mfundo yaikulu ya kulekana masoka awa - liwu repeatability ndi kugawa lonse.

makalasi kusefukira kwa madzi

1. Low. Kawirikawiri kuwononga pang'ono. Chimakwirira gawo m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya kukula ang'onoang'ono. minda ya zaulimi ndi anasefukira ndi zosakwana 10%. Nkomwe kugogoda anthu kuchokera kayendedwe atsopano a moyo. Repeatability - zaka 5-10.

2. High. Kuyambitsa kwambiri kuwonongeka (abwino ndi zinthu). Kuphimba mbali zazikulu za zigwa za mitsinje. About 10-15% anasefukira dziko. Kuphwanya onse dongosolo zoweta ndi chuma cha anthu. Mwacionekele ndi tsankho achoke kwa anthu. Pafupipafupi - zaka 20-25.

3. lapadera. Kuchititsa zinthu zimaononga, kuphimba mabeseni mtsinje. Mu madzi ndi pafupifupi 50-70% ya minda, komanso ena gawo midzi. madzi osefukira chapadera osati kuphwanya njira ogula la moyo, komanso kusokoneza ntchito zachuma. The gulu la chuma ndi anthu m'dera tsoka ndi chitetezo cha zinthu zazikulu za kufunika zachuma. Repeatability - zaka 50-100.

4. zoopsa. Kuchititsa nkhani yaikulu kuwonongeka, kufalitsa pa gawo lalikulu mu chimango cha chimodzi kapena zingapo mwa machitidwe mtsinje. Kuyambitsa imfa ya moyo wa munthu. Iwo anasefukira oposa 70% ya dziko, midzi ambiri, zofunikira ndi mabizinezi mafakitale. Ziwalo kupanga ndi bizinesi, komanso kusintha ogula moyo wa anthu. Pafupipafupi - zaka 100-200.

zotsatira chigumula

Zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa zinthu zomwe zimachitika ngati mavuto amenewa ndi: kwafalikira za mphamvu zokhudza zinthu, kupeza zovuta woberedwa, chionongeko zinthu yaing'ono kanjedza akuvutika kupulumuka, komanso pamaso pa nyengo siili (anakhala pansi ayezi kulowerera, mvula yamkuntho, etc ... ).

The otaya makhalidwe a madzi monga chinthu zowononga

1. madzi apamwamba mlingo.

2. wapamwamba kwambiri mowa madzi.

3. The mlingo wa otaya.

4. m'dera la kusefukira kwa madzi.

5. pafupipafupi mfundo pazipita madzi.

6. Kutalika kwa osefukira.

7. kutentha madzi.

8. Security pazipita madzi mlingo.

9. kuyamba nthawi ya mavuto.

10. Mlingo wa kuwuka kwa madzi chigumula onse.

11. Kuya chigumula cha m'dera m'dera anapatsidwa.

Features zotsatira

1. Chiwerengero a m'derali (akuvutika amene akuvutika ndi zina. N.).

2. Chiwerengero cha zinthu za mafakitale anakhudzidwa ndi masoka achilengedwe.

3. Chiwerengero cha m'madera ndiwe wa m'derali.

4. Utali misewu (msewu ndipo njanji), kulankhula ndi mphamvu mizere, kukanirira mu malo chigumula.

5. Chiwerengero cha ngalande, milatho ndi nyumba owonongeka anawonongedwa ndi madzi anasefukira chifukwa cha tsokalo.

6. nambala ya nyama zakufa nawo selhozotrasli kale.

7. m'dera The yokutidwa minda ndi mavuto ena.

yopulumutsa

Cholinga chachikulu cha kupulumutsidwa - kufufuza ndi opulumutsa anthu atsekerezedwa mu zone chigumula. Ndi zofunika kuti awathandize posachedwapa ndi kuonetsetsa apulumuke mu ziriri pano. The bwino ntchito yopulumutsa zimatheka ndi chiwerengero cha zochita.

1. Kunyamula mwamsanga komanso mwadongosolo maphunziro a asilikali komanso asilikali a chitetezo boma, amene mukudziwa chimodzimodzi chimene chigumula, komanso mamembala a kufufuza ndi azachipatala kuchititsa ntchito yopulumutsa.

2. Kuyankha mofulumira ngozi anatuluka, kuchenjeza ndi kupezera anthu oti koyenera komanso chuma.

3. bungwe la ntchito nzeru ndi analamula kachitidwe kulamulira.

4. ntchito mwayi ogwira umisiri kugunda kufufuza ndi chipulumutso chawo, komanso njira kuteteza anthu ndi mabungwe a zachuma.

Monga yomweyo ntchito mwadzidzidzi?

1. Ntchito yomanga kamodzi migodi ndi madamu.

2. Kumangidwa kwa njira ngalande.

3. Zida berths kwa zida sanali woopsa.

4. Kupha sachedwa chifukwa ayezi.

5. Bwezerani mphamvu.

6. Kubwezeretsa ndi chitetezo cha zomangamanga msewu.

7. kutanthauzira a zotupa sekondale chotupa zinthu.

ntchito nzeru chigumula

1. Maganizo a m'dera anasefukira.

2. Management wa mphamvu tsoka chitukuko.

3. Dziwani madera amene anthu ndi ziweto ndi thandizo.

4. kudziwika chuma chimene ali kuti pamalowa ndi tsoka.

5. Search ndi zida nsanja ankafika Helicopters mu zone tsoka.

6. Search ndi kusankha maulendo kuti achoke kwa chuma, anthu ndi nyama mothandizidwa ndi maboti. Ngati ndi kotheka, zida berths.

Ntchito yopulumutsa ikuchitika chitetezo yapachiweniweni asilikali, kufufuza ndi opulumutsa ntchito ndi kuzikonzanso ferrying Airborne njira yapadera. Kugwiritsa ntchito ena pangozi, kutenga nkhani chikhalidwe chake, woikidwa zomangamanga ndi magalimoto ulili. Poyang'ana akuvutika m'madera anasefukira, opulumutsa ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito ndege (Helicopters ndi ndege).

Ndipo otsiriza. Musaiwale kuti chigumula kuopseza nthawi zonse. Choncho, odikira pasadakhale msonkhano ndi chodabwitsa zachilengedwezi.