Kodi chikhalidwe cha oxides

Tiyeni tikambirane mmene kudziwa chikhalidwe cha okusayidi lapansi. Choyamba, kuti zinthu zonse zikhoza lophatikizana ndi ubwamunalo linagawanika m'magulu awiri: yosavuta zovuta. Zambiri zinthu wachinsinsi mu zitsulo ndi nonmetals. mankhwala zovuta agawidwa m'magulu anayi: ndi zapansi, oxides, salt, zidulo.

tanthauzo

Popeza chikhalidwe cha oxides ndi amadalira zikuchokera awo, kuyamba tanthauzo kupereka kalasi zinthu zochita kupanga. Oxides ndi zovuta zinthu zonse ndipo zimakhala ndi zinthu zosiyana. The peculiarity chakuti mpweya nthawi zonse ankakhala mu zonena chachiwiri mchitidwe (Qiyama).

Amene ambiri amaona mogwirizana kwa mpweya ndi zinthu chosavuta (zitsulo, nonmetals). Mwachitsanzo, popangidwa ndi anachita ya magnesium ndi mpweya, okusayidi magnesium, naonetsere katundu zofunika.

nomenclature

oxides khalidwe zimadalira zikuchokera awo. Pali malamulo amene amanena zinthu zimenezi.

Ngati okusayidi zitsulo aumbike mwa waukulu subgroups valency si anasonyeza. Mwachitsanzo, kashiamu okusayidi CaO. Ngati mankhwala a chitsulo woyamba ndi subgroup ngati lomwe lili valence variable, ziyenera atalonjeza numeral Roma. Aikidwa pambuyo dzina pawiri mu parentheses. Mwachitsanzo, pali oxides zachitsulo (2) (3). Kupanga oxides chilinganizo, tiyenera kukumbukira kuti chiwerengero cha makutidwe ndi okosijeni ayenera kukhala ziro.

Gawo

Taganizirani mmene oxides khalidwe zimadalira mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni. Zitsulo kukhala ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni chiwerengero cha +1 ndi +2, kupanga oxides zofunika ndi oxygen. Mbali yeniyeni ya mankhwala awa ndi chikhalidwe yaikulu ya oxides lapansi. mankhwala awa mankhwala anatani ndi mchere zomwe zimapezeka oxides, nonmetals, n'kupanga mchere ndi iwo. Komanso oxides zikuluzikulu chiyani wina ndi asidi ndi. The mankhwala anachita zimadalira zipangizo kuyambira unatengedwa zambiri zomwe.

Non-zitsulo ndi zitsulo ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni +4 kuti +7, kupanga oxides ndi asidi oxygen. oxides khalidwe kumafuna anachita ndi patsinde pa (soda). The chifukwa cha mogwirizana amadalira mmene soda choyambirira analandidwa. Pa kusowa ake acidic mchere kupangidwa ngati mankhwala anachita. Mwachitsanzo, mmene mpweya monoxide (4) ndi sodium wochuluka hydroxide ndi sodium hydrogencarbonate anapanga (acidic mchere).

Ngati ndi anzake asidi ndi ndi muyeso wa mankhwala okusayidi zimene ndi mchere soda zidzatanthauza (ndi sodium carbonate). Khalidwe acidic oxides zimadalira mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni.

Iwo anawagawa oxides mchere zomwe zimapezeka (imene mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa amafotokozera ndi wofanana ndi chiwerengero gulu) komanso oxides osayanjanitsika sangathe kupanga salt.

oxides amphoteric

Palinso katundu wa khalidwe amphoteric wa oxides. Kwenikweni ake lagona mogwirizana mankhwala awa ndi zidulo ndi alkalis. Kodi oxides kuonetsa wapawiri (amphoteric) katundu? Zikuphatikizapo bayinare zitsulo pawiri ndi chiwerengero makutidwe ndi okosijeni +3, ndi oxides wa beryllium, nthaka.

Njira lokonzekera

Pali njira zosiyanasiyana yopangira oxides. Amene ambiri amaona mogwirizana kwa mpweya ndi zinthu chosavuta (zitsulo, nonmetals). Mwachitsanzo, popangidwa ndi anachita ya magnesium ndi mpweya, okusayidi magnesium, naonetsere katundu zofunika.

Kupeza oxides n'kovuta ndipo mogwirizana kwa zinthu ndi mpweya maselo. Mwachitsanzo, pamene kuyaka kwa galasi (chitsulo sulfide 2) mukhonza kuwapeza mwachindunji oxides awiri: sulfure ndi chitsulo.

Njira ina ankaona kupeza oxides mchere kuwonongeka anachita zidulo mpweya munali. Mwachitsanzo, kuwonongeka kashiamu carbonate angathe kukonzekera wa carbon dioxide ndi okusayidi kashiamu (quick laimu).

The oxides zikuluzikulu ndi amphoteric anapanga pa kuwonongeka kwa zapansi insoluble. Mwachitsanzo, calcination wa hydroxide zachitsulo (3) aumbike mwa chitsulo okusayidi (3), komanso nthunzi.

Pomaliza

Oxides ndi gulu la zinthu zochita kupanga kukhala lonse ntchito mafakitale. Iwo ntchito zomangamanga, mafakitale mankhwala, mankhwala.

Komanso, oxides amphoteric Mankhwalawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu kaphatikizidwe organic monga catalysts (accelerators mankhwala zako).