Zitsulo zamtengo wapatali

zitsulo zamtengo wapatali - loyamba ndi golide, siliva ndi pulatinamu. Iwo sali pansi dzimbiri ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni, ndipo izi likuwasiyanitsa zitsulo zina. nkhokwe zawo ang'ono, koma malonda awo ali wapadera. Kwa gulu monga mfulu ndi pulatinamu zitsulo, monga palladium, ruthenium, iridium, rhodium ndi osmium. Platinum zitsulo ndi osiyana matenthedwe bata, ductility, kukana dzimbiri, reflectivity ndi emissivity, nawonso matenthedwe ndi magetsi madutsidwe ndi makhalidwe mkulu maginito. Izi wapadera katundu thupi ndi mankhwala si zitsulo odzikonda okha, komanso mankhwala awo ndi zipangizo pa maziko awo: kasakaniza wazitsulo, catalysts, ufa, zokutira, okusayidi mafilimu. Iwo ili yofunika kwambiri mu mankhwala ndi petrochemical makampani, zamagetsi, magetsi, nyukiliya ndi chida luso, chida. zitsulo zimenezi zomwe amayenda ntchito kudalirika kompyuta, komanso chingwe ndi ulamuliro zipangizo ndi zipangizo.

zitsulo zonse wolemekezeka ndi makhalidwe ofunika kuti ndi zofunika kupanga miyala yamtengo wapatali zosiyanasiyana. Kuti katundu monga softness, ductility, plasticity, kusakaniza luso ndi zitsulo zina. Chifukwa mtengo mkulu anaitanidwa wapatali.

Kwambiri mtengo wapatali zitsulo - golide. Ndi yekha zitsulo kuti ali ndi yowala mtundu wachikasu mu maonekedwe ake kopambana. Ngati osalala ake, nzeru yake adzakhala chikukwera. Gold kosamugonjera mpweya makutidwe ndi okosijeni, kugonjetsedwa ndi chinyezi pa izo. Chifukwa chake tsenneyshemu katundu - mankhwala kulimbikira onse gulu zitsulo golide anazindikira kuti wolemekezeka kwambiri. Makampani zodzikongoletsera ndi maziko a golide woyenga kasakaniza wazitsulo wapatali.

Ambiri amakonda zitsulo zamtengo wapatali woyera, makamaka zodzikongoletsera. zitsulo amenewa ndi siliva. Kuwonjezera zokongoletsera siliva ntchito kupanga mafoloko ndi mipeni, ziwiya za kukhitchini. Machined siliva labwino mosavuta. zitsulo uyu ali ductility, plasticity, malleability. Amagwiritsidwanso yodziwika ndi reflectivity mkulu iye, matenthedwe ndi magetsi madutsidwe. A mbali yofunika kwambiri siliva yotengedwa ntchito zamagetsi, zipangizo, chifukwa Ndalama, ❖ kuyanika wa kalirole, kujambula. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, kuchuluka kwa zitsulo ichi nthawi zonse poyamba. Ndi chinyezi siliva si wolimba kwambiri. Zimakhala mdima mthunzi.

Komanso zitsulo wolemekezeka monga pulatinamu ndi mndandanda wake - heavy ndi refractory. Mu chikhalidwe palibe pulatinamu mu maonekedwe ake kopambana. Iwo kwake mawonekedwe a aloyi zachilengedwe ndi zitsulo zamtengo wapatali monga palladium, ruthenium, rhodium, osmium, iridium. Platinum ali ndi kuuma kuposa golide ndi siliva. Chemical kukana ndi pang'ono anakhudzidwa. Platinum vysokoprobny aloyi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga zibangili.

Kapangidwe ka gulu pulatinamu ndi palladium. mankhwala katundu wa pulatinamu pansipa. Iye ali wokongola, zimakhala zoyera. Palladium ndiyo opepuka, kusintha, ndi otsika-kusungunuka pulasitiki ku zitsulo pulatinamu gulu. Ukhoza kukhala adagulung'undisa ndi kulalikira kwa waya. Palladium si kudetsa ndi mwangwiro amenable kuti kupukuta. Iwo ali zikuchokera golide otsika kalasi kuonjezera ake katundu odana ndi dzimbiri.

The pulatinamu gulu la zitsulo zikuphatikizapo rhodium, chokhala woyera ake bluish zotayidwa. zitsulo Izi amakhala ndi kuuma, friability. Ilinso ndi chibadidwe mkulu reflectivity. Rhodium imatengedwa mankhwala kugonjetsedwa zitsulo. zitsulo Izi kugonjetsedwa ndi zotsatira za mpweya, chlorine, sulfure, phosphorous. Mankhwala ndi thupi katundu wa rhodium ntchito wokutira zagolide, siliva.

Ruthenium - refractory zitsulo. Kuuma ndi brittleness lili komanso rhodium lapansi. ntchito zitsulo izi zimapezeka mu chida cha, zedi yaing'ono zikupezeka kasakaniza wazitsulo pulatinamu.

Mmodzi wa zitsulo pulatinamu gulu ndi iridium, khalidwe la omwe ndi ofanana ndi khalidwe la ruthenium ndi rhodium. Zitsulo onse, ndi wina wa mankhwala khola kwambiri. Iye ntchito mwakhama makampani mankhwala a.

Kazembe womaliza wa zitsulo pulatinamu gulu - osmium. Machining si nkhani, mu insoluble acid. The kasakaniza wazitsulo osmium umayamba kuonjezera mankhwala kukana kwawo ndi kuwumitsa.