Kodi chipembedzo chimachita zotani (mwachidule)

Chigawo chachipembedzo cha moyo wa anthu nthawi zonse chimagwirizana kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Kuti mudziwe momwe chikokachi chikuyendera, nkofunikira kudziwa kuti ntchito zomwe anthu amachita ndizochita ndi chipembedzo.

Udindo wa chipembedzo mmagulu

Miyambo yachipembedzo imakhudza munthu ndi anthu m'njira zambiri. Chikhalidwe cha zotsatirazi sichitha nthawi zonse ndipo chimasiyana ndi malo ndi nthawi. Komabe, mulimonsemo, izi zimapangitsa zotsatira za zotsatira zomwe ochita kafukufuku amafotokoza mongazochita zachipembedzo. Chotsatiracho chimatanthauza zotsatira zake zonse za chikoka chachipembedzo, zikuchitika mu zochitika zosiyanasiyana za mbiri.

Chikhalidwe cha mphamvu ya chipembedzo pa moyo wa anthu

Malo a ziphunzitso zachipembedzo mu moyo wa anthu ndi osinthika. Mwachitsanzo, m'zaka zamkati zapitazi, zipembedzo zonse zimagwira ntchito m'mabungwe onse a boma, zomwe zimakhudza mabungwe a dziko: zipangizo zoyendetsera ntchito, magulu ankhondo, mayanjanidwe apamwamba, gawo la zojambulajambula, ndi zina zotero. Masiku ano, dziko lakumadzulo ndilokulingalira kwambiri, chotero, pofufuza momwe anthu amachitira ndichipembedzo zomwe zimagwira ntchito m'dera lathu lero, tiyenera kupitiliza kuwona kuti chipembedzo chathamangitsidwa pazinthu zambiri za moyo. Izi ndi zoona kwa mayiko otukuka omwe amatchedwa dziko loyamba, koma osati ku Africa kapena, ku Middle East, komwe zikhulupiliro zimagwira ntchito yaikulu pakukonzekera moyo wa anthu.

Malingaliro a Marxist a ntchito za chikhalidwe cha chipembedzo

Pakalipano, chikhalidwe cha anthu, monga maphunziro a chipembedzo, sichikhala ndi muyezo wina wa zofunikira, zomwe munthu angayandikire kuphunzira za zomwe anthu amachita ndi chipembedzo. Mwachitsanzo, molingana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu chogwirizana ndi ulamuliro wa Karl Marx, udindo wa chipembedzo umayesedwa pokhudzana ndi chikoka chake pazochitika za anthu. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, yankho lalifupi la funso lachitetezo chomwe chimachitidwa ndi chipembedzo chimadalira kuyesa zopinga zake kapena kulimbikitsa kupita patsogolo kwa anthu. Monga momwe akudziwikiratu, Marx mwiniyo anayerekezera ntchito imeneyi m'dziko lake lamakono ndi opium. Koma panthaŵi yomweyi iye (monga Friedrich Engels) adadziŵa ntchito yaikulu ya kulenga ya Chikhristu choyambirira ndi Chiprotestanti, zomwe, mwa lingaliro lake, zinalola kuti moyo wathanzi ubweretsedwe kumtunda watsopano, wapamwamba kuchoka ku malo owonera za chiyanjano.

Choncho, Marxist sociology imanena za ntchito zazikulu ziwiri za chipembedzo - revolutionary ndi reactionary.

Ntchito zachipembedzo za Erich Fromm

Wophunzira wafilosofi ndi katswiri wa chikhalidwe cha anthu ku America, Erich Fromm, adapempha njira yosiyanitsira ntchito za chipembedzo. Pofufuzira ntchito zomwe anthu amachita, chipembedzochi chimatchula awiri mwa iwo, omwe, poganiza kuti, ndi ofanana ndi ziphunzitso zonse zachipembedzo za dziko lapansi - zaumunthu komanso ovomerezeka.

Ntchito yaumunthu yachipembedzo

Ntchito yochokera kwa anthu ya Fromm imapangitsa kuti izidalira dongosolo lachipembedzo chotero lomwe likugogomezera kufunika kwa kukhalapo kwaumwini palokha. Chotsatira chake, chipembedzo choterocho chimalimbikitsa kukula kwa munthu ndi mtundu wake. Kawirikawiri, ntchitoyi imathandiza kuti pakhale chitukuko, luntha, chikhalidwe komanso zinthu zina za munthu aliyense komanso anthu. Monga zotsatira za chilengedwe cha kukwaniritsa kwake kosatha, Fromm adawona gulu limene lingaliro la mgwirizano wa dziko lapansi, chikhalidwe ndi umunthu zimakhudza kwambiri. Mndandanda wa zipembedzo zoterezi kuchokera ku Fromm zimakhala ziphunzitso za Buddha (oyambirira), Chikhristu, ndi ziphunzitso zina zachipembedzo, monga Taoism.

Ntchito yovomerezeka yachipembedzo

Koma kuti mumvetsetse bwino zomwe zimachitika ndi chipembedzo, ndizofunikira kuti mukhudze udindo wachiwiri wotchulidwa ndi Fromm, womwe umatchedwa wovomerezeka. Chikhalidwe chake chimachokera ku chiphunzitso cha mphamvu yapamwamba, poyerekeza ndi zomwe munthu amazindikiridwa monga chiyambi cha ofooka ndi opanda thandizo. Mosiyana ndi mtundu waumulungu wa chikhulupiliro, kumene kuli cholinga cha munthu ndi chitukuko chake, chipembedzo chovomerezeka chimaika umunthu ndi anthu onse mtolo wolambirira, kupembedza pamaso pa mulungu. Chipembedzo chabwino kwambiri chomwecho chimapereka kwa Mulungu, ndi makhalidwe onse apansi kwa munthu, motero amachotsa kulenga, nzeru ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. M'dziko lomwe limapangidwa ndi chipembedzo choterocho, mantha, kudzimvera kulimbidwa. Chimwemwe ndi ufulu zimapeza mmenemo mthunzi wauchimo, ndipo kumvera kumalengezedwa kuti ndi khalidwe lamphamvu.

Chitsanzo chodziwika cha chipembedzo cha mtundu umenewu padziko lapansi ndi Islam, ndipo kwa Russia, Russian Orthodox Church, Russian Orthodox Church, yomwe imakhala ndi chikhalidwe chauzimu, imati "kumvera koposa kupemphera ndi kupemphera," ndi chitsanzo chabwino cha chipembedzo chovomerezeka ndikuwonetsa kulapa ngati ntchito yaikulu ya chikhulupiriro.

Komabe, ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti zipembedzo za Fromm sizigawanitsa m'misasa iwiri. Zonse zopanda zosiyana, mipingo imakhala ndi mwayi wowonetsera ntchito zaumunthu ndizovomerezeka. Ndicho chikhalidwe cha mbiri yakale chomwe chimatsimikizira kuti ntchito zachikhalidwe zimachitidwa ndi chipembedzo. Buddhism yemweyo, monga chikhristu, pazigawo zosiyana siyana za kukula kwake, pansi pa zosiyana, zinachita ntchito zaumunthu ndizovomerezeka.

Ntchito Zina

Pogwirizana ndi, ntchito zapadziko lonse zachipembedzo, zosankhidwa ndi Marx ndi Fromm, mungathe kufotokozera zachindunji, zapafupi. Pakati pawo, choyamba chidzakhala ntchito yokhutiritsa zosowa za uzimu zokha - chosowa cha chikhulupiriro, zochitika zokhudzana ndi zinsinsi, zina. Zimakupatsani inu kukhazikitsa miyezo ya makhalidwe abwino ya anthu powauza iwo ndi ulamuliro wanu ndi kuletsa kuphwanya kwawo.

Ntchito ina imayanjanitsidwa ndi uzimu komanso wamaganizo. Chikhulupiriro chimapereka chiyembekezo ndi chilimbikitso mu masautso ndi chisoni - monga munthu komanso gulu lonse. Pomalizira, wina akhoza kuzindikira momwe ziphunzitsozo zimagwirira ntchito - chipembedzo chimagwira ntchito yokhudzana ndi malingaliro a anthu, kukonda kukonda dziko ndi zochitika zina za anthu.