Wafilosofi Friedrich Chichewa: yonena ndi zochitika

Friedrich Chichewa, amene yonena za chidwi chachikulu ofufuza ambiri, anachokera ku wopanga banja nsalu, m'malo bwino panthawiyo. Mayi ake anali wanzeru, chabwino, anali wanthabwala, wokondedwa luso ndi mabuku. Frederick anali ndi abale ndi alongo 8. Koposa zonse, iye Ufumuyo Mary. Taonani kusiyana wotchuka Friedrich Chichewa. Wambiri, zilandiridwenso, malingaliro amatchedwanso nkhaniyi.

achinyamata

Friedrich Chichewa (ankakhala 1820-1895) anabadwira ku Barmen. Mu mzinda uwu, iye anapita mpaka 14 wazaka ku sukulu kenako sekondale Elberfeld. Pa kuumirira kwa bambo wake anali 1837th anasiya maphunziro ake ndipo ndinayamba kugwira ntchito mu malonda kampani wokwatibwa ndi banja. Mu August 1838 ku April 1841 Friedrich Chichewa, ndi chithunzi chimene zili m'nkhani anapitiriza kuphunzira pa malonda zapaderazi. maphunziro analandira mu Bremen. Pali ankalandira mtolankhani. Ali ndi zaka 18, Friedrich Chichewa (tsiku lobadwa pa November 28) analemba nkhani yake yoyamba. Kuchokera September 1841, iye anatumikira mu Berlin. Pali inu ndi mwayi nawo nkhani yunivesite ndipo amakumana ndi Young Hegelians.

Friedrich Chichewa: A MBIRI (mwachidule anakhala ku England kuchokera 1842 mpaka 1844).

Mu November 1842, Yesu anali kudutsa Cologne. Mu mzinda uwu, iye anali ndi msonkhano wake woyamba ndi Marx. Izo zinachitika mu mawu a "Rheinische Zeitung". Izo ziyenera ananena kuti mnzanga anamutenga ozizira kwambiri. Ichi chinali chifukwa chakuti Marx anakhulupirira Hegelians wakeyo. Ndipo maganizo awo sanali amapereka. Pambuyo Friedrich Chichewa anapita ku Manchester. Apo iye anali pafupi kumaliza maphunziro ake pa thonje mphero wa atate wake. Mu England, anakhala zaka pafupifupi ziwiri. Apa iye anakomana ndi Irish Lydia ndi Meri Berns. Ndi onse a iwo asanafike mapeto a masiku sanasinthe asapita ofunda. Pa nthawi yomweyo Mariya anali woyamba, ndipo Lydia - mkazi wake wachiwiri. Ndi onse a iwo, anakhala pa maubwenzi boma. Koma ndi loyamba ndi lachiwiri, analowa pa mfundo za imfa iliyonse Chichewa inachita ukwati ofunda.

masitepe chosintha

Friedrich Chichewa, mbiri ndi ntchito ndi inextricably kumayambitsa zochitika zimene zinachitika mu akuntchito, mu England, ndinkamuuza kuti ayanjane ndi moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa anthu ntchito, zomwe kenako anali mumtima mwake wokondwa kwambiri. Apa anayamba mogwirizana lake ndi "League wa Basi" (chosintha gulu la nthawi imeneyo), komanso Chartists ku Leeds. Mu England, anayamba kuchoka Nkhani wake kwa buku Owenisten, amene anali kufalitsidwa mu "North Star". Komanso, makalata a kunachitidwa ndi "Rheinische Zeitung". Mu November 1843rd Friedrich Chichewa analemba nkhani za chikomyunizimu mu Ulaya. Mu February 1844 kalata yoyamba inatuluka mu mabuku German-French pachaka. Pamene anali ku England, anali ubwenzi ndi ndakatulo ndi Trade Manager Werth. Kenako, iye adzakhala mutu wa ndime ya nkhani satirical mu nthawi chosintha mu "Neue Rheinische Zeitung".

Friedrich Chichewa: A MBIRI kuchokera 1844 mpaka 1845.

Woyamba chifukwa yofunika kwambiri kuphunzira chuma ndale anali Nkhani TH 1844. Iwo Friedrich Chichewa anayesa Mwachitsanzo zotsutsana za anthu capitalist. Mlandu wa bourgeois sayansi apologetics zinthu zenizeni. M'lingaliro, izi Nkhani anapanga Marx ntchito kuti mabuku a zachuma. Mu 1844 anapita nkhani yoyamba mu German-French Yearbook. Wake lofalitsidwa Marx ndi Ruge ku Paris. Watsopano nkhani akhala amapereka kwa makalata yaitali. Pa njira Germany, Friedrich Chichewa ndi Karl Marx anakumana kachiwiri. Panthawi imeneyi, m'mlengalenga anali wochezeka. Iwo onse anazindikira kuti maganizo awo ndi ofanana kwambiri. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, Friedrich Chichewa ndi Karl Marx anayamba kugwira ntchito mosamala kwambiri.

siteji latsopano

Mu 1845-m, anabwerera ku Germany ndi Fridrih Chichewa analemba ntchito yaikulu pa zinthu ogwira ntchito ku England. Ndi nthawi anayamba ndi mavuto pa ubwenzi wawo ndi bambo ake. Komanso, mavuto ndi apolisi (iye anaziika). Marx analinso movutikira ndi malamulo French. Zonsezi ali kukakamizidwa abwenzi kusamukira ku Belgium. dziko ankaona nthawi kuti ufulu kwambiri ku Ulaya. Mu July 1845 abwenzi anapita ku England. Kumeneko anakumana ndi oimira "League wa Basi" ndi Chartists ambiri. Nditabwerera ku Brussels mu 1846 Komiti ya Communist unakhazikitsidwa. Zinali thupi pafupifupi pochita utumiki positi pakati pa Nazi wa mayiko onse European. Pamaso m'chilimwe cha 1846, iwo anakamba dialectical-zakuthupi maganizo, monga anasonyeza kenako mu ntchito yawo wamba "German mfundo". Mu ntchito iyi ife ankatsutsa maganizo awo ndi chuma Feuerbach ndi chabe ya Hegelians wamng'ono. M'chaka mochedwa 1846 Friedrich Chichewa anayamba kulemba kwa kope French wa La Réforme, ndi kuchokera 1847 zoyambirira German-Brussels nyuzipepala. M'chaka chomwecho cha League wa atangolandira kupereka kulowa kapangidwe kake. Chichewa ndi Marx anatenga izo. Zitatero, iwo chinathandiza renaming wa gulu la League of Chikomyunizimu. Choyamba Congress analangiza Marx kukhala lemba la asilikali "Kachikhulupiriro Communist." Kenako anapanga maziko a Manifesto wa Party Communist.

Kuukira kumene 1948-1949.

Ndi nthawi tikudziwa amene Fridrih Chichewa mabwalo ambiri. Pa ulimi iye, pamodzi ndi mnzake wake, analemba mfundo kumene anakhazikitsa Rheinische Zeitung. Ntchito yathu, kusonyeza zofunikira za Party Communist ku Germany, iwo ankatsutsa katundu wa zochitika chosintha mu dziko. Mu 1848, mbali ya gulu la Anthu Chichewa anasamukira ku Cologne. Apa iye analemba nkhani zingapo za June kugalukira ku Paris. Iye inalengeza za chochitika monga nkhondo yoyamba pakati pa proletariat ndi bourgeoisie. Mu September 1848 anakakamizika kusiya Germany. nthawiyi anaima Lausanne (Swiss mzinda). Komweko makalata yogwira ndi "Neue Rheinische Zeitung". Mu Lausanne Chichewa nawo kayendedwe ntchito. Mu January 1949 anabwerera ku Cologne. Pali analemba nkhani zokhudza dziko yomenyele ufulu wadziko la anthu Italy ndi Hungary.

nkhondo yapachiweniweni

Linayamba kum'mwera kumadzulo ndi kumadzulo dera German mu May cha 1849. Mu June chaka chino, Chichewa chibatizidwireni a Anthu Palatinate ndi Baden asilikali. Iye anatenga gawo mu nkhondo yolimbana ndi Prussia ndi Elbertfeldskom kugalukira. Pa nthawi yomweyo iye anadziwa Becker. Last Baden anatsogolera kukana otchuka. Patapita kanthawi kudzakhala pa ubwenzi wolimba pakati pawo. Pambuyo asilikali chosintha anagonja Chichewa amapita oyamba Switzerland kenako kwa England.

Ntchito mu League Communist

Mu November a 1849, Chichewa anabwera London. Pali kupitiriza ntchito yake mu Union. M'zaka zotsatirazi analemba nkhani zingapo zosiyanasiyana. Makamaka, mmodzi wa oyamba anali zisachitike kunachitika. Kulankhula ngati membala wa Komiti chapakati cha Union, Chichewa analemba nkhani, pamtima mamembala a bungwe. Pa nthawi yomweyo anatenga malo nkhondo yolimbana Schapper ndi Willich, mwa. Iwo anamutcha kuti zinthu zisinthe yomweyo. Chichewa ananenanso za ulendo wa mawu awa, anaopa kugawanika kwa Union. Kudulidwa kwa gulu zonse zinachitika mu chaka cha 1850.

ntchito journalistic

Mu 1850, Chichewa anafika ku Manchester. Apo iye ntchito mu malonda kampani ya bambo ake, omwe anathawa mwana wake wamwamuna nawo kumalo a ntchito. Patapita nthawi, Chichewa mbali akadali anagulitsa. ndalama zake, kuphatikizapo padalembedwa yokwanira chilichonse samakana. Komanso, kuchokera ndalama zake ankathandiza ndalama Marx. Last pamene kukhala mu malo aakulu kwambiri. Chichewa analemba kuti New York "Daily Tribune" nyuzipepala. Nkhani izo lolunjika pa ulimi mu Germany. Iwo akuyeretsedwa ndi mafunso kupezerapo utsogoleri wa nkhondo. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, Friedrich Chichewa - woyambitsa wa Marxism.

mitu asilikali

Chichewa anali mwachilungamo wolemera m'moyo. Zimenezi zinathandiza kuti akhale katswiri pa asilikali. Iye analemba nkhani zingapo zoyenera nzika asilikali. Mmodzi mwa iwo anali cholemba pa nkhaniyi mu China ndi India, mu United States. Nkhani anali odzipereka kwa Italo-Franco-Austria ndi Franco-Prussian nkhondo. zolemba "Bulu" ndi "Army" linasindikizidwa mu Encyclopedia Americana. Pa nkhondo Italy Chichewa lofalitsidwa kapepalako anonymous yakuti "Po ndi Rhine". Pamapeto pa nkhondo padalembedwa nkhani za Savoy, Nice ndi Rhine. Mu 1865 linatulutsidwa kabuku pa funso Prussian asilikali komanso German Antchito Party. Ambiri mwa nkhani zake amalandiridwa ndi owerenga ntchito lolembedwa ndi ambiri Prussian. Boma la Prussia yokha kangapo anayesetsa kupeza Kudzipereka Marx ndi Chichewa.

padziko lonse

Popeza kuti mapeto a September 1864-TH Chichewa pakati pa atsogoleri ake. Anayamba mwachangu kugwirizana ndi Liebknecht ndi Bebel. Pamodzi anamenyana mapangidwe a SDLP ku Germany ndi Lassalleanism. Mu October 1870, Chichewa anasamukira ku London. Kuyambira 1871 anagwira ntchito m'Bungwe la Mayiko General wa International, lolingana mlembi Spain ndipo Belgium, ndiyeno Italy. Pa msonkhano ku London, Chichewa anaitana mapangidwe uliwonse dziko la chipani chosintha antchito. Mu chomwecho iwo amanena kuti kufunika kukhazikitsa ulamuliro wa proletariat lapansi.

ntchito mwini

Kuyambira 1873 anayamba kulemba ngati nzeru zapamwamba German. Friedrich Chichewa anayamba ntchito "Dialectics ya Nature". Mu ntchito iyi ankayenera kupereka dialectical zakuthupi generalization wa kupambana onse a sayansi achilengedwe. Yolemba pamanja anapita kwa zaka 10. Koma Chichewa ntchito siinamalizidwe. Mu 1872-73 gg. anafotokoza kuti nyumba funso, ulamuliro, mabuku emigre. Mu 1875 anayamba mgwirizano ndi Marx pa Lassallean kudzudzulidwa maganizo a ndondomeko chipani antchito German. Mu 1877-78. ena zipangizo ndi Dühring linasindikizidwa. Kenako iwo anapita kope limodzi. Ntchito imeneyi imatengedwa olimba koposa zonse, analenga zonse. Mu March 1883 Marx anafa. Kuyambira pamenepo iyo inayamba nthawi m'malo zovuta.

ntchito zina

Atamwalira Marx, udindo wonse kwa akamaliza ndi buku la mabuku wachiwiri ndi wachitatu "Capital 'anagwa Chichewa. Choncho zoona, ntchito mpaka imfa yake. Pa nthawi yomweyo Komabe, iwo akhala unayendera ntchito zawo. Mu 1884 izo ntchito, amene wakhala wina kiyi kumvetsetsa Marxism. Limafotokoza chiyambi cha boma, chuma payekha ndi banja. Mu 1886 anabwera ntchito ina yaikulu zoyenera Feuerbach. The 1894th lofalitsidwa ntchito pa funso wamba mu Germany ndi France. Iwo anakhudzidwa ndi pauperization Unyinji wa anthu.

Mogwirizana ndi boma Russian

Chichewa, ndi chidwi zinthu pa dziko. Iye anali kupeza kugwirizana ndi Lopatin, Lavrov, Volkhov ndi zina mayendedwe opanga. Iwo wofunika kwambiri ntchito za Dobrolyubov, Chernyshevsky. Chichewa anaona kuuma awo khalidwe, kupirira, kudzimana. Pa nthawi yomweyo anali kudzudzulidwa Musanyengedwe awo populist. Mwadongosolo iye zinagwirizana ndi Zasulich ndi Plekhanov. Ndi chisangalalo chachikulu anakumana ndi nkhani maphunziro mabwalo Russian chikhalidwe cha kuyanjana "Kumasuka wa Labor". Chichewa ankafuna kukhala ndi moyo mpaka nthawi imene Russia adzakhala unagonjetsedwa tsarism ndi chigonjetso cha ulimi zokomera.

A udindo wapadera mu gululi

Chichewa zapamwamba tate wa pakati zakuthupi wa mbiri. Iye, pamodzi ndi mnzake wake, processing anatenga bourgeois chuma ndale. Pamodzi ndi Marx, analenga dialectical chuma, sayansi chikominisi. Mu mndandanda wa ntchito zake, iye anafotokoza masomphenya atsopano mu mawonekedwe okhwima mwadongosolo, anatsindika zinthu zake zazikulu, magwero ongolankhula. Zonsezi kwathandiza kwambiri kuti chigonjetso cha maganizo a Marxism mu gulu antchito ochokera kumayiko 'm'zaka 19 mochedwa. Pa chitukuko cha chiphunzitso cha formations zachuma, wakhala anafotokoza dongosolo angapo omwe chitukuko cha anthu wosazindikira, akale komanso nthawi ang'onoang'ono. Panafotokozedwa kuti zikamera wa chuma payekha, mapangidwe makalasi, chilengedwere dziko. M'zaka zomalizira za moyo wake, Chichewa tcheru kwambiri mavuto a mgwirizano pakati pa chikhazikitso zachuma, zandale ndi superstructures maganizo. Makamaka ntchito yake kufunika kuthandauza wokondwa lalikulu cikhalidwe mfundo andale a makalasi ena, vuto lawo kwa ulamuliro ndi mfundo ndi ubwenzi malamulo. Chichewa unachita yaikulu mu chitukuko cha chiphunzitso Marxist luso ndi mabuku. Madera ena a sayansi akhala kwambiri chifukwa cha zopereka zake kuti kuphunzitsa. Pakati pawo - chiphunzitso cha malamulo dialectical wa sayansi zachilengedwe ndi chirengedwe, asilikali ndi asilikali.

Mphatso za kayendedwe ntchito

Chichewa ndi Marx anaumirira mgwirizano wa mbali ongolankhula ndi othandiza. Iwo ichitikire apanga mapulogalamu a sayansi, njira ndi njira imene proletariat lapansi. Adakhoza zifukwa udindo wa kalasi ntchito monga mlengi wa dziko latsopano, kufunika mapangidwe gulu chosintha, onyamula zisinthe zokomera kukhazikitsa ulamuliro wa antchito. Chichewa ndi Marx anakhala kumbali internationalism. Iwo ndi oyamba International Association antchito anali m'magulu.

Jobs asanafe

M'zaka zaposachedwapa, ntchito Chichewa makamaka lalikulu. Panthawi imeneyi anatha kukhala sayansi Marxist, kuti akatidzadza njira ndi njira za generalizations atsopano ongolankhula. Komanso, anayamba kulimbana ndi mpatuko anachoka ndi mwayi, dogmatism mwa magulu zokomera. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, anagwira buku lachitatu la "Capital". Mu kuwonjezapo wake, iye anatchula ena mwa zinthu zimene khalidwe la utsamunda - msinkhu wina wa chitukuko cha bizinesi. Pa zinthu zonse Chichewa, pamodzi ndi mnzake wake ndi Co-wolemba ankaona chiwawa chotsutsa-capitalist kusintha monga chomaliza kulimbana pakati pa bourgeoisie ndi proletariat. Koma pambuyo zochitika za 1848-49. iwo kukhala wodzisunga ziyenera wa atasemphana tsiku la ogwira ntchito ufulu wawo. The 1894th Chichewa thanzi lafika poipa kwambiri. Madokotala anandipeza iye ndi khansa ya kholingo. Mu 1895, 5 August, iye anamwalira. Mu chifuniro chake chatha ndi thupi unachita kutenthedwa. The urn ndi phulusa anali adatchithisira m'nyanja pa Eastbourne.