Kodi Logic: Tanthauzo ndi Malamulo

Logic ndi lingaliro losiyana, lophatikizidwa kwambiri mu moyo wathu ndi chikhalidwe cha kulankhula. M'nkhaniyi, tipenda kuchokera ku sayansi momwe timaonera. Tanthauzo, mitundu, malamulo a zolemba ndi mbiriyakale amatithandiza pa izi.

Zochitika Zachikhalidwe

Ndiye lingaliro lotani? Tsatanetsatane wa malingaliro ali ndi zambiri. M'Chigiriki, amatanthawuza "kuganiza," "malingaliro," "mawu," ndi "nthawi zonse." Kutanthauzira kwamakono lingaliro ili likugwiritsidwa ntchito muzochitika zitatu:

1. Kutchulidwa kwa maubwenzi ndi zikhalidwe zomwe zimagwirizanitsa zochita ndi zochitika za anthu m'dziko lokhazikitsa cholinga. M'lingaliro limeneli, lingaliro lotere monga "mndandanda womveka", "lingaliro la zoona", "lingaliro la zinthu" ndi zina zotero nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito.
2. Kutchulidwa kwa kayendedwe kolimba ndi kayendedwe koganizira. Pankhaniyi, mawu ngati "lingaliro la kulingalira", "lingaliro la kulingalira", "lingaliro loyankhula" ndi zina zotero amagwiritsidwa ntchito.
3. Kutchulidwa kwa sayansi yapaderadera yomwe imaphunzira mawonekedwe oyenera ndi machitidwe, komanso malamulo a malingaliro omwe akugwirizana nawo.

Ntchito za malingaliro

Monga momwe mukuonera, pazifukwa zina zingakhale ndi mayankho angapo pafunsolo: "Kodi lingaliro lotani?" Kutanthauzira kwazinthu zoganiza ndizochepa. Ntchito yaikulu ndiyofika pamapeto pa maziko a zofunikira ndi kupeza chidziwitso ponena za kulingalira kuti apite patsogolo kwambiri mu ubale wawo ndi mbali zina za zochitika zomwe zikuchitika. Mu sayansi iliyonse, chimodzi mwa zida zazikulu ndilo lingaliro. Sikuti ndi gawo lofunika chabe la filosofi, koma limakhudzanso ziphunzitso zina za masamu. "Algebra ya malingaliro" ndi tanthauzo lodziwika mu masamu. Nthawi zina zimasokonezeka ndi Boolean algebra, yomwe ndi maziko a sayansi yamakina, koma izi siziri zoona.

Mfundo zomveka

Kwenikweni malingaliro amagawidwa kukhala:

1. Zosavomerezeka.
2. Yokonzeka.
3. Chizindikiro.
4. Kusakanikirana.

Mfundo zosavomerezeka ndi kuphunzira kwa kulingalira m'chinenero choyambirira. Mawuwa amapezeka kwambiri m'mabuku a Chingelezi. Choncho, ntchito yayikulu yopanda malire ndi kuphunzira za zolakwika zomveka m'mawu. Mapeto, omwe amapangidwa mwa chilankhulidwe cha chilengedwe, akhoza kukhala ndi zochitika zenizeni, ngati zingathe kufotokozedwa kuti ndizochita pokhapokha kulamulira kwa chilengedwe chonse.

Zogwirizana ndi zolemba zamakono

Kufufuza kwa zotsatira zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti zochitika zenizeni zimatchedwa logical logic. Ponena za malingaliro ophiphiritsira, amafufuza zojambula zophiphiritsira zomwe zimakonza zolemba zomveka bwino.

Malingaliro osakanikirana

Mfundo yotsutsana ndi sayansi ya kulingalira, yomwe imapereka chidziwitso cha mawonekedwe a kulingalira, zomwe zimapereka mwayi wopezeka mwachidule. Pachifukwa ichi, lingaliro la lingaliro lingagwiritsidwe ntchito palimodzi mwa lingaliro lake lomveka, ndi mwa mawonekedwe a fanizo lina.

Kulingalira kosamveka kumadalira mbali zina za malamulo omveka bwino. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kufufuza kusintha kwa malingaliro awo mosiyana, kumapangitsa zochitika zotsutsana, ndipo motsogoleredwa ndi malamulo a dialectic.

Cholinga cha malingaliro

Tanthauzo la lingaliro monga sayansi limatanthauza kuti chinthu chake ndi kuganiza kwaumunthu . Kuganiza ndi ndondomeko yovuta, yosiyana-siyana yomwe imakhudza kulingalira kwathunthu kwa zinthu ndi maubwenzi a dziko lozungulira. Izi zimaphunziridwa ndi sayansi zosiyanasiyana: filosofi, psychology, genetics, linguistics, ndi cybernetics. Philosophy imayang'ana chiyambi ndi kaganizidwe ka kulingalira, komanso chidziwitso chake ndi dziko lapansi ndi kuzindikira. Psychology imayendetsa zikhalidwe zomwe zimagwira bwino ntchito za kuganiza ndi chitukuko chake, komanso mphamvu ya chilengedwe. Genetics amayamba kuphunzira njira yokhala ndi luso la kulingalira. Chilankhulochi chikufuna kugwirizana pakati pa malingaliro oganiza. Chabwino, cybernetics akuyesa kupanga zitsanzo zamakono mu ubongo wa munthu ndi kuganiza. Logic yakeyo imayang'ana njira yoganiza mofanana ndi momwe zimakhalira malingaliro, komanso zolondola kapena zosayenerera za kulingalira, pamene zimasokoneza zomwe zilipo ndi chitukuko cha malingaliro.

Nkhani ya Logic

Mutu wa chidziwitso ichi ndi mawonekedwe omveka bwino, ntchito zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi malamulo ndi malingaliro. Ndi bwino kuganizira phunziro la kulingalira, kupyolera mukumudziwa dziko lozungulira ndi munthu. Kuzindikira ndi njira yomwe munthu amalandira chidziwitso cha dziko lapansi. Pali njira ziwiri zopezera chidziwitso:

1. Kuzindikira kwina. Zimaperekedwa ndi kuthandizidwa ndi ziwalo zomveka kapena zipangizo.
2. Kudziwa bwino. Ikuchitika mothandizidwa ndi malingaliro opanda nzeru.

Chiphunzitso cha chuma cha chidziwitso chimachokera pa lingaliro la kulingalira. Malingana ndi chiphunzitso ichi, chiweruzo, zinthu ndi zochitika za dziko lapansi zolinga zingakhudze mphamvu za munthuyo ndikuyambitsa ntchito ya dongosolo la chidziwitso kupita ku ubongo, ndikuchititsanso ubongo womwe, chifukwa cha chifaniziro cha zinthu zomwezi ndi zozizwitsa zomwe zimapangidwa mwa kulingalira kwaumunthu.

Kuzindikira kwina

Amatchedwa kuti zidziwitso za zinthu zakunja za zinthu zina ndi zodabwitsa. Kumvetsetsa kosavuta kumatha kuchitika mu mitundu itatu:

1. Kutengeka . Chiwonetseratu malo enieni a chinthucho.
2. Kuzindikira . Kuwonetsa nkhaniyi yonse, ikuyimira chithunzi chake chofunikira.
3. Kuyimira . Ndi chithunzi cha chinthu chomwe chatsungidwa kukumbukira.

Panthawi ya kuzindikira, munthu samapezeka nthawi zonse ndi zinthu zomwe zimakhala mkati mwake. Kalonga wamkulu wochokera ku zochitika zakale za Exupery adati: "Simungathe kuona chinthu chofunika kwambiri". Maganizo kapena maganizo osamvetseka amabwera pothandizira malingaliro pazochitika zoterezi.

Kudziwa bwino

Maganizo osamveka akuwonetsa zenizeni muzinthu zoyamba ndi maubwenzi. Chidziwitso cha dziko kupyolera mu malingaliro osamvetsetsa ndilopakati, osati mwachindunji. Sichikuphatikizapo kuwonetsa zochitika ndi zochita, koma zimachokera ku zifukwa zakuya za katundu ndi maubwenzi a zinthu ndi zochitika. Mwachitsanzo, motsatira njira za chigawenga, mukhoza kubwezeretsanso chithunzichi, mungathe kudziwa ndi thermometer zomwe nyengo ili pamsewu, ndi zina zotero.

Mbali yofunika ya kulingalira kwachinsinsi ndi kugwirizana kwake ndi chinenero. Lingaliro lirilonse limapangidwa mothandizidwa ndi mawu ndi ziganizo, kulengeza kupyolera mukulankhulana mkati kapena kunja. Kulingalira kumangomuthandiza munthu kufotokozera dziko lozungulira, komanso kumuthandiza kuti apange malingaliro atsopano, zozizwitsa, maulosi ndi maulosi, ndiko kuti, amathetsera mavuto ochuluka. Tanthawuzo la "lingaliro" ndi "kuganiza" pankhaniyi likugwirizana kwambiri. Kulingalira, kaya ndizosamvetsetseka kapena zomveka, kungapitirire mu mitundu ikuluikulu itatu: lingaliro, chiweruzo, ndi kulingalira. Tiyeni tiwone iwo mosiyana.

Lingaliro la

Ndi mtundu wa kuganiza momwe munthu amapanga zithunzithunzi zamaganizo pa zinthu, makhalidwe awo ndi maubwenzi. Lingalirolo n'zosatheka popanda tanthauzo. Koma malamulo a kutanthauzira mu lingaliro lomwe tidzakambiranapo pang'ono. Pogwiritsa ntchito malingaliro apangidwe, munthuyo amafufuza chinthu chochita chidwi, amachiyerekeza ndi zinthu zina, amasiyanitsa mbali zake zazikulu zosiyana, zomwe zimachokera ku zinthu zomwe sizili zofunika, ndipo amapanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana potsatira izi. Zotsatira zake, zithunzithunzi zamaganizo za zinthu, katundu wawo ndi maubwenzi zimalengedwa.

Malingaliro amachititsa mbali yofunikira pazochita zaumunthu zaumunthu. Chifukwa cha iwo, wina akhoza kuwonetsa zomwe kwenikweni zilipo padera. M'dziko lovuta, palibe maganizo monga wophunzira, wophunzira, mlembi, wothamanga, ndi zina zotero. Zonsezi ndizithunzi zomwe zimachitika pokhapokha pamtundu wa munthu.

Kulinganiza kwa mfundo kumatsegula mwayi wopezera chidziwitso cha zinthu ndi zozizwitsa pa maziko a zinthu zofanana za zinthu zofanana kapena zozizwitsa. Ponena za momwe dziko likanakhalira ngati anthu sanagwiritse ntchito malingaliro oyankhulana, Jonathan Swift akufotokoza m'nkhani yake za ulendo wa Gulliver. Malingana ndi nkhaniyi, tsiku lina aphunzitsi akulangiza anthu pokambirana kuti asagwiritse ntchito malingaliro a zinthu, koma zinthu mwachindunji. Ambiri amatsatira malangizo ake, koma pofuna kulankhula ndi interlocutor, amayenera kunyamula zikwama za zinthu zosiyanasiyana pamapewa awo. Inde, kukambirana koteroko ndi kuwonetsa zinthu ngakhale pakati pa eni a matumba akuluakulu anali ochepa kwambiri.

Lingalirolo silingakhoze kukhalapo popanda tanthauzo. Mu sayansi zosiyanasiyana, tanthawuzo likhoza kumasuliridwa ndi zosiyana. Tsatanetsatane wa malingaliro mu lingaliro ndi ndondomeko yokonza tanthauzo lenileni la mawu ena a chinenero. Mwachidziwitso, lingalirolo ndilopanda malire, chifukwa ilo limapangidwa ndi lingaliro la chilengedwe chonse. Tanthauzo, ndithudi, chifukwa likuyimira zotsatira za ntchito yomveka (yomveka). Malingana ndi Hegel, tanthawuzoli silikugwirizana ndi Absolute ndipo likugwirizana ndi chiwonetserocho. Ntchito ya filosofi ndiyo kutanthauzira mfundo kukhala zizindikiro, kuchotsa ziganizo zomaliza.

Mfundoyi ndi yopindulitsa. Ndipo tanthawuzo la malingaliro mu lingaliro ndizochitidwa pofuna kuwululira tanthauzo limeneli. Choncho, mawuwo akhoza kutchedwa mawu, omwe mwa kulingalira kokwanira amatanthauzira. Choncho, popanda tanthawuzo, mawu sali lingaliro, ngakhale likufalitsidwa. Kutanthauzira lingaliro ndiko kufotokoza tanthauzo lake mwa kutanthauzira mitu yonse yofunikira. Ndipo ngati mutachita izi kunja kwa chidziwitso china, ndiye kuti zolakwa zingathe kuchitika. Logic ndi yosiyana kwa aliyense, monga kumvetsa izi kapena mawuwo. Choncho, pokamba nkhani za filosofi, nkofunika kufotokoza malingaliro.

Mitundu ya tanthawuzo mu lingaliro ndi yaikulu kwambiri. Tanthawuzo likhoza kukhala: kukakamiza, zenizeni, zokhudzana ndi dzina, zolemba, zofotokozera, zenizeni, zenizeni, zenizeni, zotsutsana ndi ostensivnym.

Chiweruzo

Pogwiritsa ntchito malingaliro a zinthu, munthu akhoza kupanga chiweruzo pa iwo ndi kuganizira. Chiweruzo chimatchedwa mawonekedwe a kuganiza, mkati mwake chomwe chinachake chimatsimikiziridwa kapena kukanidwa pa chinthu choganiza. Kuchokera ku lingaliro lina, mukhoza kupeza wina. Mwachitsanzo, chifukwa chakuti anthu onse amafa, tingathe kunena kuti yemwe anamwalira ndi munthu. Pomwe akumanga malingaliro, ziweruzo ndi zovuta, aliyense akhoza kulakwitsa, onse akudziŵa komanso osadziŵa. Kuti muwapewe iwo, muyenera kudziwa zofunikira za kulingalira bwino.

Kulongosola kumatchedwa kuganiza, mkati mwa maziko omwe amachokera ku chidziwitso chowona chenicheni chodziwitsa. Zotsatira za kuganiza kolakwika zingakhalenso zodziwa. Mwachitsanzo, pali zigamulo ziwiri: "Ngati Ivan apanga kuba, iye ndi wolakwa" ndipo "Ivan sanachite chiwembu." Chiweruzo "Ivan si wachigawenga", wotengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso ichi, akhoza kukhala wabodza, popeza kuti sanachite chiwembu sichimasonyeza kuti sanachite zolakwa zina.

Kutsutsana

Poyankhula za kulondola kwa kulingalira, asayansi amatanthauza kutsata malamulo a zomangidwe ndi kugwirizana kwawo. Ndi chifukwa ichi kuti kufotokoza kwa malamulo a malingaliro monga sayansi ya kuganiza kumachokera. Zolemba zovomerezeka zochokera kuzinthu zenizeni ndi chitukuko cha malingaliro. Pa nthawi yomweyi, amatsindika choonadi ndi zowona za malingaliro awa. Kawirikawiri kuganiza moyenera kumatchedwa zomveka, kutsindika dzina la sayansi, lomwe limaphunzira mbali yina ya kuganiza.

Funso la choonadi kapena zowona za ziweruzo ndi zofunikanso ndi funso la kugwirizana kapena kusagwirizana kwa zomwe zanenedwa mwa iwo, kudziko lofuna. Chowonadi chenichenicho chikuwonetsa mkhalidwe wa zinthu mu chenicheni chenichenicho. Chiweruzo chonyenga, mosiyana, sichiri chowona. Funso la chowonadi ndi momwe kuvomereza kwachidziwitso kumagwirizana ndi malingaliro osamvetsetseka sikunali nkhani yongoganiza, koma filosofi.

Kutsiliza

Lero taphunzira kuti ndi lingaliro lotani. Tsatanetsatane wa lingaliro limeneli ndi lodziwika bwino komanso lopangidwa ndi maonekedwe ambiri, limakhudza nzeru zambiri. Kuwonetsera kotereku kwa malingaliro kumasonyeza mgwirizano wake ndi sayansi zina, zina mwazo zimakonda kwambiri chuma. Komanso m'nkhaniyi tinkaganiziridwa kuti ndizo zikuluzikulu za malingaliro aumunthu: kutsutsana, ziweruzo, malingaliro ndi malingaliro (mu lingaliro). Zitsanzo kuchokera ku moyo zinatithandiza kumvetsa bwino nkhaniyi.