Zolemba malire, osachepera ndi pafupifupi mozama za Pacific

Mankind wakhala anakopeka zinsinsi kuchiona wake. Kuyambira expanses zedi chilengedwe mpaka kuya kwa nyanja ... umisiri Modern kulola pang'ono kuphunzira zinsinsi za dziko lapansi, madzi ndi malo. The chimakweza zambiri chotchinga cha chinsinsi, anthu ambiri akufuna kudziwa, chifukwa zinthu zatsopano kungadzutse mafunso. Waukulu woyamba ndi osachepera anaphunzira Pacific yotero. mphamvu zake pa njira zimene zimachitika pa dziko, n'zoonekeratu: ndi mwayi kuphunzira mozama ndipo mokwanira. Kuya avareji ya Pacific Ocean pansi zimachititsa chilumbachi, malangizo a mafunde, uthenga ndi nyanja ndi matupi ena a madzi - zonse n'kofunika ntchito mulingo woyenera kwambiri zinthu zake anthu malire.

zamchere

mitundu yonse Padziko Lapansi zimadalira madzi, ndi maziko a moyo, kotero kufunika kophunzira hydrosphere m'njira zake zonse ndi kukhala patsogolo kwa anthu. Pa mapangidwe kudziwa zimenezi kwambiri chidwi linaperekedwa kwa akasupe mmene madzi oyera, ndipo ndalama yaikulu chuma mchere. Nyanja ndi gawo lalikulu la hydrosphere, amene ali 94% ya padziko lapansi. M'mayiko, zilumba ndi archipelagos kugawana thupi la madzi, zomwe zimathandiza kuti uzipereke izo mwachirengedwe pa nkhope ya dziko. Pa mapu a makono a dziko mu 1953 ndi anthu m'mayiko hydrogeographic anayi amalembedwa m'nyanja: Atlantic, Indian, Arctic ndi Pacific. Aliyense wa awa ali ndondomeko ziwalo ndi malamulo ndi mwachilungamo ochiritsira kwa chokwawa utuluke madzi. Ndi posachedwapa anatsindika wachisanu - a Southern Ocean. Onsewo ali mosiyana mawu a dera, buku madzi, kuya ndi zikuchokera. Zoposa 96% ya hydrosphere - ndi mchere madzi nyanja, chimene chimatichititsa motsogozedwa ofukula ndi yopingasa ndi lili lonse yake limagwirira a kagayidwe chitukuko komanso kugwiritsa ntchito utuluke mphamvu. Mu masiku moyo nyanja amagwira ntchito yofunika: ndipamene ndi nyengo pa dziko lonselo, kuonetsetsa kupezeka kwa zomangamanga zofunika zoyendera amapatsa anthu kwambiri chuma, kuphatikizapo zamoyo kapena topezeka kuti zinthu zimene si bwino.

Pacific

49,5% a m'nyanja dziko ndi 53% zinthu zake madzi akuchita gawo amakezana ndi chinsisi cha izo. Pacific Ocean ndi nyanja ukubwera ali kwambiri monga madzi :. Kuchokera kumpoto chakum'mwera - 16 zikwi Km, kuchokera kumadzulo kupita kum'mawa - 19 zikwi makilomita .. Ambiri lili M'madera a zitunda kum'mwera. Ambiri chidwi ndi mawu komanso n'zosangalatsa kumva makhalidwe kachulukidwe: chochuluka amadzimadzi misa - makilomita miliyoni 710 ³ zotsalira - pafupifupi 180 miliyoni makilomita ^3. Wapakati mozama za Pacific Ocean, malinga ndi ziwerengero osiyanasiyana, kuyambira 3900 mpaka mamita 4200. Africa kokha kuti ndiye sanasambitsidwe ndi madzi ake - Africa. Zoposa 50 limati ili pa gombe lake ndi zilumba, ndi ziwalo zonse za hydrosphere izo ali malire ochiritsira ndi utuluke zonse kuwombola. chiwerengero cha mitima anakonza mu Pacific Ocean, kuposa 10 miliyoni, ali miyeso osiyana ndi dongosolo lomenyera. Pa 30 m'nyanja kunja madzi ake (kuganizira mkati), malo awo ali 18% ya padziko lonse, mbali yaikulu ili kugombe la kumadzulo ndipo amachapa Europe ndi ku Asia. Kuya wamkulu wa Pacific Ocean, komanso dziko lonse lapansi - mu Mariana ngalande. kafukufuku wake imachitika kwa kale kuposa zaka 100, ndipo mfundo zambiri za ntchito kwambiri amapita, chidwi kwambiri ndi kwa asayansi padziko lonse. Kuya zing'onozing'ono za Pacific Ocean zimawonedwa m'madera ake m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Ndinaphunzira iwo bwino, koma, anapatsidwa ntchito zawo zonse ntchito anthu zachuma, panafunika kuwonjezera maphunziro sayansi kumawonjezera.

Mbiri ya chitukuko

Anthu okhala pa Pacific gombe m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, anadziwa zambiri za magawo ake payekha, koma sanali kuimila mphamvu yonse, ndi kukula kwa malo madzi. Woyamba wa ku Ulaya kuona yaing'ono m'mphepete mwa nyanja Bay, anali wachi Spaniard - Spain Vasco de A Balboa, yemwe anagonjetsa kuti izi ranges mkulu phiri la kamtunda kopita ku chilumba cha Panama. Kodi iye anawona, iye anatenga nyanja, ndipo anawatcha iwo South. N'chifukwa chake Mipukutu ya ku Pacific Ocean ndi zikutanthauza masiku ano dzina ndi msonkho kwa Magellan, umene unali mwayi kwambiri ndi zinthu zimene iye anawoloka kum'mwera kwa izo. Dzina limeneli si zogwirizana ndi tanthauzo lenileni la izi chimphona madzi, koma anamugwira pa kuposa enawo, amene anapereka osachepera kuliphunzira. Maulendo ambiri amatengera chitsanzo cha Magellan, ndi Pacific Ocean anakopeka ofufuza latsopano mafunso ambiri. The Dutch, Chingerezi, ku Spain anali kufunafuna njira kulankhulana ndi maiko kudziwika ndi kufanana anatsegula latsopano. Chidwi ofufuza ndi onse; ndiyo mozama kwambiri za Pacific Ocean, liwiro ndi malangizo a kayendedwe ka misa madzi, amenewa, nyama ndi zomera madzi, etc. More mwatsatanetsatane nkhani asayansi anatha kusonkhanitsa mu zaka XIX-XX, nthawi mapangidwe Oceanology sayansi ... Koma ulendo woyamba kudziwa zimene ndipozama ya Pacific, Magellan anayamba ntchito hemp tench. Iwo alephera - analephera kufika pansi. Kuyambira pamenepo, nthawi zambiri zadutsa, ndipo masiku ano zotsatira za miyezo ya kuya nyanja Tingaone pa mapu. asayansi amakono ntchito zipangizo zatsopano amakonda kudziwa kumene akuya Pacific pazipita, kumene kuli malo ndi mlingo m'munsi, ndi kumene shoals kunama.

mizere pansi

Zoposa 58% za dziko lapansi chimakwirira bedi nyanja. Iwo ali mtunda zosiyanasiyana - ndi zigwa zazikulu, zitunda mkulu ndi chibowo kwambiri. Chiwerengero cha kama nyanja zikhoza kugawidwa motere:

1. Ngelezi alumali (akuya mamita 0 200) - 8%.
2. The otsetsereka chokhala (mamita 200 2,500) - 12%.
3. Kama nyanja (kuchokera mamita 2500 ndi 6000) - 77%.
4. Kuya pazipita (kuchokera mamita 6,000 mpaka 11,000) - 3%.

Zoyerekeza chiŵerengero chokwanira kuwomba 2/3 seafloor, ndi deta ya maulendo osiyanasiyana kafukufuku zosiyanasiyana chifukwa cha kayendedwe zonse mbale tectonic. Kulondola zipangizo kuyeza zikuchulukirachulukira chaka chilichonse, mfundo analandira kale kusintha. Mulimonsemo, kuya pazipita ya Pacific Ocean, phindu lake osachepera ndi apakatikati zimadalira nyanja pansi zimachititsa chilumbachi. akuya osachepera nthawi anaona pa gawo pafupi lonselo - ndi mbali mwa nyanja ya nyanja dziko. Zikhoza kukhala kutalika mamita 0 mpaka 500, ndi ranges apakatikati mamita 68.

alumali Ngelezi amakhala ndi kukondera zazing'ono, ndi. E. Kodi mosabisa, kupatulapo gombe, kumene m'mapiri ili. Mu nkhani ino, thandizo ndi osiyanasiyana ndithu, m'maenje ndi ming'alu akhoza kufika pansi pa akuya mamita 400-500. Pacific akuya osachepera mamita osakwana 100. Big m'madzi ndi lagoon ndi ofunda madzi bwino kupereka mwayi wapadera kuona zonse zomwe zimapitirira pansi. The otsetsereka chokhala zosiyanasiyana mu ngodya ndi kutalika - zimatengera pa malo a dera la m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Chitsanzo dongosolo awo ali yosalala, pang'onopang'ono kutsitsa mpumulo kapena pamaso pa chigwa kwambiri. Tinayesetsa pofotokoza mfundo izi mu Mabaibulo awiri; tectonic ndi madzi osefukira wa zigwa za mitsinje. Mokomera kopanda yamasika zitsanzo nthaka pansi awo, imene muli timiyala mtsinje ndi matope. maphompho Awa akuya kwambiri, chifukwa kuya awo pafupifupi ya Pacific Ocean WAMBIRI mtengo chidwi. Bedi ndi gawo kuphwa kwa mtunda ndi kuya zonse. Ming'alu, Matani matendawa, pansi pa nyanja - chodabwitsa pafupipafupi, ndi mtengo pazipita kuya, monga tanenera kale, pali mu Mariana ngalande. Thandizo m'dera pansi pa aliyense payekha, ndi yapamwamba kuyerekeza ndi mitunda lapansi.

NKHANI Pacific mpumulo

Kuya kwa kuya kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi ndi Kumwera kwambiri gawo (pa 50% ya malo a pansi pa madzi) ranges mkati mamita 5,000. Mu kumpoto cha kumadzulo nyanja ambiri cavities ndi ming'alu, yomwe ili m'mphepete mwa woyendera nthambi m'mphepete mwa nyanja, m'dera la otsetsereka chokhala. Pafupifupi onsewo lifanane ndi m'mapiri pa dziko ndipo ndi mawonekedwe elongated. Izi ndi zina mwa gombe la Chile, Mexico ndi Peru, monga gulu zimenezi zimaphatikizapo North Aleutian ngalande, Kuril ndi Kamchatka. Kum'mwera Chigawo beseni mamita 300 m'litali ili m'mphepete mwa zilumba za Tonga, Kermadec. Kuti tipeze mmene mozama za Pacific Ocean pafupifupi anthu ena amagwiritsa ntchito zida zosiyanasiyana choyezera, mbiri ya amene kugwirizana ndi ntchito kafukufuku expanses madzi a dziko.

mozama n'zotsimikizira

Loti njira ndi ambiri wosazindikira kuya anayeza. Izi chingwe ndi kulemera pa mapeto. Pakuti muyeso wa nyanja ndi nyanja yakuya, chida ichi siyabwino, kuyambira kulemera kwa chingwe adatchithisira adzakhala upambana kuti katundu. Zotsatira za anayeza ntchito zambiri anapereka chithunzi zolakwika kapena ayi benefiti. Chidwi mfundo: Loti Brook kwenikweni anatulukira Peter 1. Maganizo ake anali kuti chingwe anali Ufumuyo katundu, chimene chikumveka pansi pa tumphuka. Izi kugwira kutsitsa kwambiri ndipo anapanga n'zotheka kudziwa kuya. More patsogolo kuya n'zotsimikizira ntchito pa mfundo yomweyo. Maonekedwe ake ndi luso mumpanda gawo la pansi atafufuza. zipangizozi onse kuyeza ndi mwayi kwambiri - pamene lozungulira. Pakuti kukonza makhalidwe a mozama kwambiri chingwe n'kofunika kuchepetsa pang'onopang'ono maola ochepa, kafukufuku chotengera ayenera kukhala pa amaima. Pa zaka 25 zapitazi, miyezo akutsatiridwa ndi thandizo la sonar, amene umagwira ntchito pa mfundo za kulingalira chizindikiro. Maola kusanduka masekondi angapo, pamene pa sonogram munakwanisa kuona mitundu ya pansi ndi kupeza zinthu olowa. Kudziwa kuya pafupifupi ya Pacific Ocean, m'pofunika kuti ambiri miyezo, amene ndiye anawonjezera limodzi, chifukwa kuchita masamu ankadziwana.

History of miyezo

XIX atumwi ndi "golide" chifukwa oceanography ambiri ndi Pacific makamaka. Maulendowa woyamba Krusenstern ndi Lisiansky kuti cholinga chathu osati kuyeza kuya, komanso ndi zina kutentha, kuthamanga, kachulukidwe ndi amenewa. 1823-1826 gg:. Nawo kafukufuku O. E. Kotsebu, wasayansi E. Lenz ntchito madzi botolo analenga. 1820 zinali zodzaza ndi atulukira Antarctica, maulendowa panyanja F. F. Bellinsgauzena ndi M. P. Lazareva anaphunzira nyanja kumpoto kwa Pacific Ocean. Kumapeto kwa XX m'ma (1972-1976 gg.), Ngalawa British "Challenger" kuchita mabuku oceanographic kafukufuku, zomwe ambiri a ntchito tsiku zambiri. Kuyambira 1873, a US Navy ntchito Gaugeable atathana kuya, zimachititsa chilumbachi ya Pacific Ocean pansi kwa atagona zingwe telefoni. XX atumwi pakukhala kwa yojambula zamakono anthu onse amene kwambiri bwanji ntchito ya ofufuza Pacific amene ankadabwa nkhani kulemera. Swedish, British ndi Chidanishi ulendo nyamukani kuzungulira dziko kuphunzira yaikulu ya madzi padziko lathuli. Mmene mozama za Pacific Ocean ndi mu pazipita ndi mfundo zochepa? Kodi mfundo zimenezi? Kodi m'madzi kapena pamwamba mafunde bwanji? Zotsatira zake n'zakuti zinapangidwa? phunziro zinachitikadi pansi kwa nthawi yaitali. Kuyambira 1949 mpaka 1957 oyendetsa za "Vityaz" Sitima kafukufuku kujambula mapu a Pacific pansi m'ndandanda wa zinthu za mpumulo, inamva yake. Watch anapitiriza zombo zina zimene zonse ikuthamanga m'madzi kupeza mfundo yolondola yake. Mu 1957, akatswiri a "Vityaz" kudziwa mfundo zomwe pali kuya kwambiri kwa Pacific Ocean - Mariana ngalande. Mpaka lero, zam'mimba ake anafufuza osati oceanographers, komanso akatswiri, amene anapeza zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa.

Mariana ngalande

The ufa chimafikira kwa mamita 1,500 pamodzi chilumba chomwecho mu dera la kumadzulo kwa Pacific gombe. Izo zikuwoneka ngati mphero ndipo ali kuya osiyana m'madera. History of yatsoka zimagwiritsa ntchito tectonic ya Pacific. Mu gawo ili, Pacific mbale akupita pansi Philippines pang'onopang'ono, kusamukira masentimita 2-3 pachaka. Pa nthawi imeneyi, kuya pazipita ya Pacific Ocean, ndipo onse World kwambiri. Miyezo ya zimagwiridwa pa zaka mazana, ndipo nthawi iliyonse makhalidwe awo kusintha. Kafukufuku mu 2011 amapereka zotsatira chodabwitsa kwambiri, zomwe mwina si komaliza. Mfundo kuya wa Mariana ngalande - "Challenger Nato": pansi ili pa mtunda wa mamita 10 994 pansi pa nyanja. Pakuti kuphunzira ntchito bathyscaphe, zida ndi makamera ndi zipangizo zochepa chabe pamalangizo nthaka.

ndipozama ya Pacific Ocean chiyani?

Yankho wopezeka pa funso limeneli palibe: wa zimachititsa chilumbachi pansi ndi zovuta asanamvetsetse, kuti nambala iliyonse otchedwa tiyenera tikonze posachedwapa. Kuya pafupifupi ya Pacific Ocean mamita 4000, otsika - mamita zosakwana 100, wotchuka "Challenger Nato" yodziwika ndi kanjedza chidwi - pafupifupi 11 000 meters! Chile pamodzi angapo ufa, amenenso bwanji kuya awo, monga matenda a "Knight 3 '(Tonga chute 10 882 meters); "Argo" (9165, North Novogebridsky chute); Cape Johnson (The Philippines ngalande, 10 497), ndi zina zotero. D. Mu Pacific, chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri mfundo kuya kwa nyanja dziko. oceanographers Modern kuyembekezera kwambiri ntchito chidwi ndi kutulukira zinthu zina zodabwitsa.

Biota

Lodziwika kwa ofufuza n'chakuti ngakhale kuya pazipita mamita 11 000 a ntchito kwachilengedwenso anapezeka: tizilomboto ting'onoting'ono kukhala popanda kuwala, kukumana ndi mavuto aakulu a matani a madzi. expanses lalikulu la Pacific Ocean ndi malo wangwiro mitundu ya nyama ndi zomera. Mogwirizana ndi mfundo ndi manambala enieni. Pa 50% a m'nyanja zotsalira zazomera dziko amakhala ndendende pa Pacific, kusiyana kwa mitundu chifukwa chakuti matupi madzi ambiri akupezeka mabacteria zonse za padziko lapansi. Otentha M'madera a zitunda lokhala ndi anthu ambiri, koma malire a kumpoto si kanthu. Mbali khalidwe la zomera za Pacific Ocean ndi endemism. Nawa malo a nyama amakezana a dzikoli, zatsala pang'ono kutha (mikango nyanja, nyanja otters). moti matanthwe ndinu mmodzi wa zodabwitsa za chilengedwe ndi kuchuluka kwa nyama ndi zomera osati amakopeka kwambiri la alendo, komanso ambiri ofufuza. Pacific Ocean - wamkulu ndi wamphamvu. Ntchito anthu lagona pa phunziro ake ndi kuzindikira njira zake zonse, zimene zingakuthandizeni kuchepetsa mlingo wa kulikonse chifukwa ndi munthu wa topezeka wapadera.