Kodi moyo unayamba Padziko Lapansi m'mbiri, makamaka zikamera ndi mfundo zosangalatsa

Kodi moyo unayamba Padziko Lapansi? Mfundo osadziwika kwa anthu, koma mfundo yofunika kwambiri anakhazikitsa. Pali ziphunzitso ziwiri zazikulu ndi zambiri zazing'ono. Motero, malingana ndi Baibulo chachikulu, zigawo zikuluzikulu organic afikira Earth ku malo, pa zina - izo zonse zinachitika pa Dziko Lapansi. Pano pali zina mwa Zochita otchuka.

panspermia

Kodi Dziko lathu? Wambiri ya dziko wapadera ndipo anthu akuyesera kuthetsa m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Pali kungoganizira kuti moyo uli chilengedwe chonse, zimafalikira kudzera meteoroids (zakuthambo, wapakatikati kukula pakati pa fumbi interplanetary ndi asteroids), asteroids ndi maiko. Amaganiza kuti pali zamoyo amatha komabe malo airless (poizoni zingalowe, otsika kutentha, etc ..). Iwo amatchedwa extremophiles (monga mabakiteriya ndi tizilombo).

Iwo kugwa zinyalala ndi fumbi amene amapezekanso mu danga patapita kugunda kwa mlengalenga, motero zopulumutsa moyo pambuyo pa imfa ya ang'ono dongosolo matupi dzuwa. Mabakiteriya amatha kuyenda pa mpumulo kwa nthawi yaitali mpaka lotsatira mwangozi kugunda ndi maplaneti ena.

Iwo akhoza wothira litayamba protoplanetary (yowirira mpweya mtambo mozungulira dziko achichepere). Ngati malo atsopano "kulimbikira, koma tulo asilikali" kugwa mu zinthu zabwino, iwo timagwira ntchito. The ndondomeko chirengedwe. Mbiri ya moyo Padziko Lapansi kuthetsa mothandizidwa ndi probes. Data ku zipangizo, kupita mkati comets kusonyeza: nthawi zambiri anatsimikizira n'zotheka kuti tonse ndife "mlendo pang'ono" monga chopunthira cha moyo - danga.

biopoeza

Pano pali lingaliro lina la moyo unayamba bwanji. Padziko Lapansi, pali zamoyo kapena zopanda moyo. Ena sayansi Moni abiogenesis (biopoesis), pofotokoza mmene pa zachilengedwe kusintha moyo kwachilengedwenso anatuluka nkhani zochita kupanga. Ambiri amino zidulo (umatchedwanso nyumba midadada ya zamoyo zonse) akhoza kupangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zachilengedwe mankhwala zochita zifukwa moyo.

kuyesera Izi zikugwirizana Mueller-Urey. Mu 1953, wasayansi zapita magetsi kupyolera mipweya ndipo walandira zidulo angapo kwa amino zasayansi, simulating zikhalidwe za Earth oyambirira. anthu onse okhala akusinthika amino zidulo mu mapuloteni mchikakamizo cha alonda a kukumbukira majini zidulo mkati.

Recent biochemically apanga paokha, ndi mapuloteni imathandizira (catalyze) ndondomeko. Ndani wa mamolekyulu woyamba organic? Ndipo momwe iwo ankachitira? Abiogenesis ndi mu ndondomeko kuyankha zakusaka.

mumaganiza cosmogonic

Ichi ndi chiphunzitso cha chiyambi cha moyo mu mlengalenga. Mu nkhani yeniyeni ya malo sayansi ndi zakuthambo, mawuwa amanena za chiphunzitso cha chilengedwe (ndi phunziro) a dongosolo la zowalitsa. Pofunafuna yokoka chilengedwe cosmogony si imani chofufuzidwa. Choyamba, ziphunzitso sayansi alipo sindingakhoze kufotokoza chinthu chachikulu: Kodi chilengedwe yokha?

Kachiwiri, palibe chitsanzo thupi kufotokoza mphindi yoyambirira pa chilengedwe chonse. Akuti palibe mfundo kwadzidzidzi yokoka. Ngakhale chingwe theorists (chingwe chiphunzitso limanena kuti particles pulayimale ndi chifukwa cha yofanana ndi ankachita za zingwe kwadzidzidzi), ikufotokoza magwero ndi zotsatira za Big Bang (kuzungulira kwadzidzidzi ankaganizira) amatsutsa. Iwo amakhulupirira kuti iwo ndi kachitidwe, kulola kufotokoza lachitsanzo monga mbali ya maikwezhoni kumunda.

Mothandizidwa ndi anthu malingaliro cosmogonic kufotokoza pachilichonse kuyenda ndi kapangidwe ka zinthu zakuthambo. Kale kunali moyo pa Dziko Lapansi, nkhani amadzadza malo onse, kenako kusanduka.

endosymbiont

Endosymbiotic Baibulo anali woyamba kukonza mwa Russian katswiri Konstantin Merezhkovsky mu 1905. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti ena organelles anayambitsa mfulu moyo mabakiteriya ndipo anatengedwa mu foni wina monga endosymbionts. Mitochondria zinachokera proteobacteria (makamaka Rickettsiales kapena achibale) wa cyanobacteria ndi chloroplasts.

Zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti njira angapo tizilombo talowa mu kudalirana ndi mapangidwe maselo eukaryotic (eukaryotes - maselo a zamoyo okhala ngale). Cham'mbali kulanda zinthu majini pakati mabakiteriya komanso zimathandiza kuti ubale symbiotic.

The zikamera wa za moyo zosiyanasiyana, mwina yoyamba baba otsiriza wamba (LUA) kwa zinthu zamakono.

m'badwo mowiriza

M'zaka za m'ma 19, anthu amayamba kukana "anadabwa" monga mafotokozedwe a moyo unayamba bwanji pa Dziko Lapansi. Zosayembekezereka mowiriza mitundu ina ya moyo ankaoneka iwo anagwira ku zinthu zopanda moyo. Koma iwo amakhulupirira kuti kuli heterogenesis (kusintha njira kubalana) komwe njira ya moyo umabwera kuchokera mitundu ina (mwachitsanzo, njuchi ku maluwa). Ganizo tingachipeze powerenga za m'badwo mowiriza ali motere: ena zamoyo zovuta moyo anaonekera chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa zinthu organic.

Malinga ndi Aristotle, icho chinali chowonadi mosavuta ndikuoneka kuti nsabwe za kuwuka kwa mame imene imagwera pa zomera; ntchentche - chakudya owonongedwa, mbewa - kuchokera Nsipu zauve, ng'ona - kuchokera lawola zipika pansi pa matupi a madzi, ndi zina zotero. Chiphunzitso cha m'badwo mowiriza (anatsutsa Christianity) mobisa zinalili kuposa zaka.

Amakhulupirira kuti chiphunzitso potsiriza akutsutsa kuyesa mu XIX m'ma Lui Pastera. Scientist kuphunzira chiyambi cha moyo, anaphunzira zikamera tizilombo, kuti athe kulimbana ndi matenda opatsirana. Komabe, zisonyezo Pasteur ndi sanalinso maganizo, koma mosamalitsa sayansi.

Chiphunzitso ya dongo ndi chilengedwe zogwirizana

Zikamera wa moyo chifukwa cha dongo? Kodi zimenezi zingatheke? Scottish sayansi dzina lake AJ. Cairns-Smith ya University of Glasgow mu 1985, ndi woyambitsa wa chiphunzitso chotere. Tisadalire ofanana mfundo asayansi ena amanena kuti particles organic mutsatire zigawo wa dongo ndipo zimavuta ndi iwo anatenga pa njira ya kusunga ndi kukula. Choncho, wasayansi kaye "dongo jini" chachikulu. Poyamba, mchere ndi moyo nascent aliko limodzi, ndipo panthawi ina, "anathawa".

Kuopsa kwa chiwonongeko (chipwirikiti) mu dziko akutulukira kunathandiza kuti chiphunzitso cha catastrophism monga mmodzi wa m'mene wa zamoyo zinachita kusintha. wolalikira ndikukhulupirira kuti Earth m'mbuyomu akhudzidwa ndi mwadzidzidzi, sakhalitsa, zochitika zachiwawa ndi pamakhala chinsinsi m'mbuyomu. Aliyense ngoziyo wina MBAFUDZA alipo moyo. chilengedwe wotsatira nakhalanso ake kale wosiyana kwa m'mbuyomu.

Chiphunzitso zakuthupi

Ndipo apa pali lina lomwe kuti moyo unayamba bwanji pa Dziko Lapansi. materialists ake zapamwamba. Iwo amakhulupirira kuti moyo anatuluka chifukwa cha anawonjezera nthawi ndi danga la pang'onopang'ono masinthidwe mankhwala kuti, mu Mwina panali pafupifupi biliyoni 3.8 zaka zapitazo. Zimenezi amatchedwa maselo, sukhala malo zidulo deoxyribonucleic ndi ribonucleic ndi mapuloteni (mapuloteni).

Monga chiphunzitso sayansi anatuluka mu 1960, pamene imachitika kafukufuku yogwira zokhudza maselo ndi zamoyo zinachita zamoyo, chibadwa cha anthu. Asayansi ndiye anayesa kumvetsetsa ndi kuwatsimikizira zinthu zatsopano za zidulo mkati ndi mapuloteni.

Imodzi mwa nkhani zofunika zimene anakhudza chitukuko cha munda wa chidziwitso, anali zamoyo wa enzyme ntchito, ntchito mkati asidi divergence monga "wotchi maselo." Kuwulura chinathandiza kumvetsa bwino divergence (nthambi) mitundu.

chiyambi organic

Za mmene moyo unachokera pa Dziko Lapansi, amalimbikitsa chiphunzitso chimenechi amakangana njira iyi. Education mitundu anayamba nthawi yaitali - zaka zoposa biliyoni 3.5 zapitazo (chithunzi akuimira nthawi imene moyo alipo). Mwina poyamba anali wodekha ndi pang'onopang'ono ndondomeko ya kusintha, ndipo anayamba mofulumira (mwa chilengedwe) siteji ya kusintha, kusintha kwa boma limodzi malo amodzi wina mchikakamizo cha zinthu masiku ano.

Evolution, lotchedwa kwachilengedwenso kapena organic, - ndondomeko kusintha pa nthawi imodzi kapena kuposa makhalidwe tinatengera opezeka anthu a zamoyo. Heritable makhalidwe - makhalidwe makamaka, kuphatikizapo anatomical, amuzolengedwa ndi khalidwe, amene kuchoka mbadwo wina ndi mzake.

Evolution kwachititsa zosiyanasiyana chitukuko mabuku a zamoyo zonse (osiyana). dziko lathu zokongola Charles Darwin amafotokozedwa kuti "mitundu wosatha okongola kwambiri ndi kwambiri." Kuganiza ndi magwero a moyo - nkhani chopanda chiyambi kapena mapeto.

chilengedwe chapadera

Malinga ndi mfundo imeneyi, mitundu yonse ya moyo kuti alipo lero padziko lino lapansi, analengedwa ndi Mulungu. Adamu ndi Hava - mwamuna ndi mkazi Wamphamvuyonse. Moyo Padziko Lapansi anayamba nawo - mukukhulupirira Akhristu, Asilamu ndi Ayuda. Zipembedzo atatu agwirizana mfundo yakuti Mulungu analenga masiku asanu ndi awiri, kupanga tsiku lachisanu ndi chimodzi, kukwaniritsidwa kwa ntchito: anapangidwa kuchokera ku fumbi la Adamu ndi Hava nthiti yake.

Pa tsiku lachisanu ndi chiwiri ndipo Mulungu anapumula. Kenako adauzira moyo wa anthu ndipo anatumiza kusamalira munda wotchedwa Edeni. Pakatikati adakula Mtengo wa Moyo ndi Mtengo wa Chidziwitso cha Zabwino. Mulungu analola kudya zipatso za mitengo yonse m'mundamo kupatula Mtengo wa Chidziwitso ( "Pakuti mu tsiku limene mukadya umenewo, adzafa").

Koma anthu sanamvere. Korani imanena kuti kuyesa apulo Adam anapereka. Mulungu anamukhululukira wochimwa ndipo anatumiza onse pansi monga owayimilira. Ndipo komabe ... Pamene anali padziko lapansi? Monga mukuonera, palibe yankho limodzi. Ngakhale asayansi amakono ayamba okonda abiogenic (zochita kupanga) chiphunzitso cha chiyambi cha zamoyo zonse.