Kudziwa ndi kudziletsa

Kutsimikizika ndi kudziletsa kumakhala kutsutsana pazifukwa ndi kuyanjana kwa malamulo onse ndi njira zomwe zikuchitika padziko lapansi. Kutsimikizika ndi sayansi ya mgwirizano pakati pa zochitika, ndiko kuti, chinthu chimodzi chokha pansi pa zochitika ndi zochitika zimapereka china. Zinganenedwe kuti izi ndizo sayansi ya chikhalidwe chachikulu cha njira zonse. Chiphunzitso cha filosofichi chimatiwonetsera kuti pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kugwirizana kwa zochitika zomwe sizili ndi zigawo zosiyana pakati pa wina ndi mnzake. Izi zimaphatikizapo mgwirizano, malo ndi nyengo, chikhalidwe cholinganiza, zodalira. Mitundu yonse ya kuyanjana imapangidwira pa maziko a zochitika, popanda popanda chinthu chimodzi chodabwitsa.

Poyamba, kusowa kwa sayansiyi kunali kuti kunaperekedwa ndi vuto limodzi lenileni. M'menemo munalibe mwayi wotsatizana, ziwerengero za ziwerengerozo zinatsutsana ndi kukonzekera kwa zochitika. Chiphunzitso chafilosofi sichikuphatikizidwa mu nthambi za sayansi za chilengedwe, zomwe zimakhala, mu moyo wa chikhalidwe. Chokha chifukwa cha chuma chambiri, kukwaniritsidwa kwa malingaliro a determinism kunakhala kotheka.

Chikhalidwe cha Social determinism chimazindikira chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha anthu. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti mbiriyakale imasonyezedweratu. Potsata mfundo yaikulu ya chitukuko cha mbiriyakale, malamulo a chikhalidwe samasonyeza kusasiyana kwa ntchito za munthu aliyense. M'moyo wa anthu pali zifukwa zambiri zomwe zimadalira pazinthu zambiri pazochita za anthu. Chisankho cha Social sichikana ufulu ndipo chimapereka mphamvu ya munthu kulumikiza ndi kusankha mosamala ntchito. Palibe kutanthauzira kwa sayansi iyi sikutanthauza kufunikira kwa ntchito yokhazikika ya munthu, ndiko kuti, malamulo a chikhalidwe ndi malamulo a moyo. Ndikofunika kwambiri kuti zolinga zomwe munthu aliyense ndi gulu lake likhale lonse lathunthu. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chikhalidwe sichikutanthawuza kuzindikira kapena kukana udindo waumwini pa zotsatira zomaliza zachitetezo.

Mavuto azachuma amatsogoleredwa ku malo osiyanasiyana, omwe amadziwika ndi gawo lachuma cha anthu, chiyanjano chokwanira. Kusintha kupita ku malo ena apamwamba kumakhala chifukwa mphamvu zowonjezera zikukula ndipo zimakhala zogwirizana kwambiri ndi chiyanjano choyambirira. Ndipotu, kuganiza zachuma ndizofunikira kwambiri. Lingaliro ili, monga gawo la filosofi, liri lothandiza nthawi zonse.

Chidziwitso ndi chidziwitso chimasiyana mosiyana ndi chakuti chiphunzitsochi ndi chiphunzitso chaumulungu chomwe chimakana chidziwitso cha kutanthauzira kwa sayansi, kotero chimachititsa kuti chikhale chinthu chokhachokha, kutsimikizira kuti malamulo a chisokonezo sanagwiritsidwe ntchito kumvetsetsa chisankho cha umunthu ndi khalidwe ndipo amavumbulutsira otsutsa kuti adziwe kuti ali ndi mphamvu zowonongeka. .

Kuyambira ndi filosofi yachigiriki yakale mpaka nthawi yino, chidziwitso ndi indeterminism ziri ngati ziphunzitso zotsutsa pa mavuto a chikhalidwe cha chifuniro cha munthu, zosankha zake, pa nkhani ya udindo pa zomwe wachita. Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chidziwitso, koma amakayikira kukana mfundo yachinyengo, kapena kusagwirizana ndi chikhalidwe cha chiyanjano. Amawona mzere wovomerezeka mu chikhalidwe cha chirengedwe, chofunikira, nthawi zonse: nthawi zonse ndi chikhalidwe chokha ndizochibadwa mwachidziwitso cha dziko, koma osati m'dziko lonse lapansi.

Malingaliro otsimikiziridwa ndi indeterminism amatanthauza magawo amtheradi, monga zovuta. Pazochitika zonse, magawo onse sali otsimikizika kupyolera poyerekeza, komanso mosiyana. Ndicho chifukwa chake sizinthu zonse: munda wawo wogwiritsira ntchito nthawizonse ndi chinthu chochepa.