Zowonongeka kwa dothi - zigawo za dothi zomwe zimayambira pakupanga nthaka

Mapangidwe a nthaka akufufuzidwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana, kusankha ndi kugwiritsira ntchito komwe kumatsimikiziridwa ndi zosowa zina za akatswiri. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, pali njira zonse zomwe zimayimira maonekedwe a dothi, chifukwa asayansi amatha kudziŵa bwino makhalidwe ndi zigawo zonse za chivundikiro cha nthaka. Mwachitsanzo, pali atomic, aggregate, ndi maselo ofiira a mawonekedwe omwe amalola nthaka kuti iphunzire mwatsatanetsatane. Mndandanda wachinayi wa chiwonetsero umapangidwa ndi nthaka. Motero, mwachitsanzo, dziko lapansi lingasonyezedwe mu gawo lomwe mbiri yake inakhazikitsidwa ndi zigawo zingapo za geological nthawi inayake.

Zowonongeka

Izi ndi njira yeniyeni yowonjezerapo ya nthaka, yomwe imakhala ngati thanthwe lachikhristu pokhala ndi mndandanda wotsatira pamwamba pa nthaka. Zigawo zoterezi ndizosawerengeka ndipo zimakhala ndi zosiyana. Akatswiri ndi mchenga, dothi, zinyalala zamatabwa, komanso mabedi ogwirizana, omwe amadziwika ndi chiyambi chapadera.

Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti amayi oyembekezera sangakhale opanda chifukwa chotchedwa chofunikira. Iwo ali kumapeto kwambiri, koma ali ndi mphamvu yaikulu pamagulu apamwamba. Izi zikuwonekera kuti amatha kupanga mapangidwe a mankhwala, mineralogical ndi mawotchi, komanso zizindikiro za thupi lachonde. Choncho, nkhalango zinyalala zidzakhala zokongola kwambiri agrotechnical makhalidwe kuposa kholo miyala miyala yawo mechanical zimadziwika ndi mchenga kapena clayey nyimbo.

Mitengo ya nthaka

Kuwunika kwa maonekedwe a chiwonetsero sikungatheke popanda kudziwongolera. Zomangamanga zimamveka ngati gulu lonse la magulu omwe amatha kuwonongeka mosavuta. Izi zikutanthauza kuti malowa amadziwika kuti nthaka imakhala yaikulu. Chimodzi mwa magawo omwe amachititsa kuti zitheke kufotokozera dothi lazitsulo kuzinthu zina ndizo mphamvu za mgwirizano pakati pa zinthu zina ndi zigawo zazing'ono zomwe zikuwerengedwa. Pakalipano, magulu atatu a zigawo amasiyana kwambiri ndi sayansi ya nthaka, yomwe imasiyana ndi kukula kwa tinthu ting'onoting'ono, komanso momwe amagwirizanirana. Ndi ndondomeko yotchedwa prismoid, cuboidal ndi mbale.

M'magulu a dothi la prismatic, timadzi timene timayambira makamaka pambali yowongoka, chimbudzi chimagwiritsa ntchito kufanana kwa ma particles pamodzi ndi ndege zitatu zogwirizana. Mitengo yachitsulo imagwiritsa ntchito nsonga ziwiri poyerekeza ndifupikitsa. Ngati misa sichigawanika, ndiyomweyi imayikidwa ndi ufulu wosatuluka, ndiye imatchedwa kuti yopanda kanthu. Gululi limaphatikizapo fumbi ndi mchenga. Komanso, nthaka yolimba ingatchedwe kuti ndi yopanda ntchito. Zolinga zoterezi zimakhala ndi kukhalapo kwazitali zopanda pake.

Mtengo wa kupatula kukula kwa tinthu

Ngati chiwonetserochi chimachititsa kuti magetsi azigawidwa m'nthaka, ndiye kuti kufufuza kwa granulometric kumapangitsa kuti zidziwike bwino kuti zikhale ndi zofunikira kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, akatswiri amapereka maonekedwe a morphological a mawonekedwe a nthaka ndi kukonzekera zigawo zomangira. Kotero, nthaka ya m'chipululu idzakhala yaikulu mchenga, ndipo ntchito yaikulu pamaso pa ofufuza adzakhala kudziwa kufanana kwa chiwerengerocho ndi chigawo chochepa cha chidutswa. Kufufuza koteroko, njira zosiyanasiyana zimagwiritsidwira ntchito, kuphatikizapo kuthandizidwa ndi zipangizo zamagetsi.

Mtengo wamtengo wa dothi

Mtundu wa dothi la nthaka ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zochititsa chidwi kwambiri zomwe zimakhala zotheka kudziŵa kukula kwa maonekedwe ake. Kuphatikiza apo, dzikolo mu gawo ndi chithunzi cha mthunzi wa seams limathandiza mu maphunziro otero kukonza malire a malire. Komabe, malingaliro a mtundu ndi mtundu wa maonekedwe sali ofanana pa izi. Mtundu umadziwika ngati chikhalidwe cha kutentha kwa thupi ndi patchiness. Komabe, mtundu wa dothi la nthaka limasonyeza kuphatikiza kwa matani, mwamphamvu ndi makhalidwe ena a chromatic. Mwa njira, mitundu yambiri ya dothi imatchula dzina lawo moyenera ndi maonekedwe - monga serozem, dziko lofiira ndi chernozem.

Mtundu wa chiwonongeko ukhoza kukhala wosagwirizana ndi wosagwirizana. Pachiyambi choyamba, misa imakhala yamitundu yosiyana, ndi kusiyana komwe kumatsatiridwa osati kokha ndi mbali za chromatic. Mitundu kawirikawiri imapanga makhalidwe omwe amaonekera pamodzi ndi mthunzi. Mtundu wosiyana, uli ndi dothi lachipululu, ndi kufotokozera mbali zake zapansi.

Humus horizons

Iyi ndi gulu lalikulu la dothi lomwe limapangidwanso pang'onopang'ono. Kusiyanitsa kwa chigawocho kumakhala kutalika kwa msinkhu, chikhalidwe cha thupi, kupanga zinthu zachilengedwe, ndi zina zotero. Pa nthawi yomweyi, mthunzi umapangitsa zambiri kumtunda kuchokera ku imvi kupita ku mdima. Malo otchuka a humus pamwamba ndi steppe ndi nkhalango-steppe. Kwenikweni, nkhalango ya amayi yomwe ili pansi pamapangidwe amathandiza kwambiri kupanga mapangidwe apamwamba a mtundu umenewu. Makamaka, sod horizone, imvi-humus ndi kuwala-zosalala zimasiyana. Sod strata nthawi zambiri imapezeka mu tundra ndi taiga m'madera. Mphuno ya humus ndi humus imafalikiranso. Kawirikawiri amapezeka m'madera otentha kumwera. Mitundu yowonjezera ya mtundu uwu imagawidwa mumtunda wa nthaka yamchere ndi yamchere, kumene nyengo yozizira imakhala yaikulu .

Organogenic horizons

Gawoli likuphatikizapo dothi lopangira nthaka, zomwe zimapangidwira masamba 30% kapena kuposa. Kaŵirikaŵiri izi ndizomwe zili pamwamba pazochitikazo. Mwachitsanzo, pamwamba pake imayimira kutalika kwa masentimita 10 ndipo imapangidwa ndi kubzala zamasamba, udzu wambiri, ndi zina zotero. Chifukwa cha izo nthaka yakuda yakuda, yomwe ikhoza kukhala ndi mthunzi wakuda ndi mthunzi wakuda. Zigawo zoterezi zimakhala pansi pa zida zowonongeka. Pali zina zapadera za izi, zomwe zingaphatikizepo zigawo za mchere. Koma chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimagwirizanitsa chimbudzi chophatikizapo dothi lophatikizidwa mumtundu uwu ndi chiyambi chochokera ku zipangizo zam'thupi. Kutanthauza kuti, mapangidwe a nthaka mu nkhaniyi amapezeka pansi pa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe.

Middle Soil Horizons

Chinthu chosiyana kwambiri ndi zizindikiro zoterezi ndi chizoloŵezi cha kupanga mapangidwe a nthaka mwachindunji m'kati mwa kapangidwe kopanda kukhudzidwa kunja kwa anthu. Mmodzi wa oimira mitundu imeneyi ndi alfegumus. Amadziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa humus-ferruginous film inclusions pamwamba pa aggregates kapena mchere particles. Kuwonjezera pa mtundu, pakali pano palibe makhalidwe okhwimitsa - makamaka zimadalira maonekedwe ake, omwe angapatse nthaka mdima wandiweyani komanso wachikasu. Kawirikawiri, dothi lapakati la mtunduwu limapezeka mchenga wambiri kapena mchenga. Chitsanzo chabwino cha kufalikira kotereku ndikumangidwe. Uwu ndiwo mtundu wofiira, womwe umadziwikanso ndi makonzedwe osiyanasiyana ndi mafilimu ambirimbiri. Komabe, izi zimapezeka m " nthaka ngakhale dothi.

Zosaoneka bwino

Mu mbiri ya chivundikirocho, kugona pansi pa zigawo za organogenic kapena zamatsenga, izi ndizowoneka bwino kwambiri. Zimasiyanitsidwa ndi zokonzedwa za granulometric zomwe zimapangidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimalowetsa mmenemo kuchokera pa malo owonera zakuthupi. Zowonongeka zoterezi zikuphatikizapo podzolic, humus-eluvial ndi sub-eluvial mabedi. Mwachitsanzo, masamba a podzolic amasiyana ndi mchenga ndi mchenga loam granulometric, ndipo nthawi zina, maziko osadziwika. Kumeneko kumadziwika ndi makonzedwe a mapangidwe a mchere ndi alfum-humus. Mwa njira, malingana ndi ziphunzitso zina ndi zigawo zotere, zozizwitsa zosaoneka ndizofanana, ngakhale kuti mtundu wofiirira uli ndi mtundu wosiyana.

Chiwonongeko chofewa

Nthaka yomwe imalowetsa mmalo mwake imatanthawuza zazing'ono. Koma osati pamwamba pazitali zonse zimatha kutchula dothi lachonde. Mtundu wapadera wa chiwonetsero ichi ndi ndondomeko ya zinthu zabwino zowonjezera zomera zomwe zimakula. Maonekedwe ndi agrotechnical maonekedwe a chonde chachonde amalola kuti mizu ipeze zofunikira pa nthaka. Zinthu zachilengedwe pazimenezi zimapangidwa ndi dothi la chernozem, koma nthawi zambiri zofunikira zimawonjezeka ndi njira yapadera. Mwachitsanzo, mothandizidwa ndi matekinoloji omwe amatha kulima bwino, feteleza komanso chifukwa chokonzekera thandizo la hydrological padziko lapansi.

Miyala ya dothi

Izi ndizigawo zenizeni za amayi, zomwe zimayambitsa maziko a dothi latsopano. Monga lamulo, chida cha granulometric cha miyala yoterechi chimapangidwa ndi zidutswa zamchere - mpaka 80%. Chosavuta kupatula ngati peat yatsala pang'ono, momwe mavalo amchere angakhale mkati mwa 10%. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti zigawo zoterezi zingakhale malo abwino kwambiri kuti apange nthaka yothirira bwino ndi agronomic properties, koma iwo okha si abwino nthawi zonse kulima. Izi zikhoza kukhala dothi lamwala kapena lamwala, lomwe maziko ake amapangidwa ndi magmatic, sedimentary ndi metamorphic miyala. Koma, ngakhale zizindikiro zochepa zochokera kumalo owona kuti zitha kubala, zigawo zimenezi zimakhala zabwino kwambiri pakukula kokongola kwa chivundikiro cha ulimi.

Kutsiliza

Makampani ogulitsa ntchito zamagetsi ndi mabungwe ogulitsa nkhalango ndi omwe amalonda ndi ogwiritsira ntchito zipangizo zomwe mapu amapangidwa ndi magawo a nthaka ndikuwonetseratu za nthaka. Deta yotereyi imafunika kumvetsetsa kwathunthu komanso chithunzithunzi cha panopa cha makhalidwe a chirengedwe ndi chithunzi cha njira zamtsogolo za chitukuko chake. Makamaka, nthaka yopangira nthaka imapereka chitsimikizo chokonzekera zina zomwe zingakhale mu nthaka. Kuti muphunzire zozizwitsa zoterezi, njira zosiyanasiyana zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, zothandizidwa ndi njira zamakono zamakono. Kuphatikizanso apo, makampani okhudzidwa ndi maphunziro otero nthawi zambiri amachita zokhazokha zomwe zingasinthe kayendedwe ka maonekedwe ena.