Kufunika kwa nkhaniyi "Mtima wa Galu." Kodi M. Bulgakov amakono?

Funso la mutu wa nkhaniyi makamaka ndizolemba. Bulgakov analemba za mavuto osatha a dziko la Russia, osati Russia yekha. Koma tidzayesa kumvetsetsa bwino nkhani yomwe imatsimikizira kuti nkhaniyi ndi yofunika kwambiri "Galu wa Mtima," ndipo fotokozani chifukwa chake ntchitoyi sikuti ndi yamuyaya yokha, koma komanso yowonjezera.

Kuwonongeka komweko kunali zaka 100 zapitazo

Mawu otchuka kwambiri (quotation) kuchokera ku malemba a MA Bulgakov: "Razruha osati m'mphepete mwawo, koma m'maganizo" amakhalabe olondola lero. Nkhaniyi inalembedwa mu 1925, pafupifupi zaka 100 zapitazo. Kuchokera nthawi imeneyo, palibe chomwe chasintha. Inde, anthu anayamba kuyankhula pa mafoni, uthenga unakula mofulumira. Dziko linakhala lochepa kwambiri chifukwa cha intaneti, koma munthu wa ku Russia mwiniwakeyo wasintha pang'ono.

Zonsezi zimapangitsa kuti msangamsanga nkhaniyi ikhale yonena za "Galu wa Mtima".

Ziribe kanthu kuti zimakhala zopweteka bwanji kuvomereza, koma tsopano pali anthu omwe amatembenuzira khomo la wina (ndipo nthawizina awo) kumalo osungira anthu onse, ndi kuwafotokozera kuti izi si zabwino, sizingatheke, chifukwa makolo awo sanalere bwino.

Kusiyana kwakukulu kwa maphunziro ndi chikhalidwe (osati nzeru zokha, komanso zoweta) sizinapangitse chiyembekezo. Ana amakula nthawi zina popanda kumvetsa malamulo ofunikira. Koma achinyamata sali olakwa pa izo. Makolo kamodzi amawathandiza kukhala "abwino komanso owala," ayenera kupeza ndalama, ndipo "masiku ano" ndi TV ndi intaneti. Zili bwino kuti simungathe kuyembekezera chilichonse chabwino pano. Izi zimapangitsa "kuwonongeka m'maganizo". Yankho lina lachisoni ku funso losavuta la nkhani yokhudza changu cha nkhani yakuti "Galu wa Mtima".

Chipembedzo "Wojambula" monga chizindikiro chachikulu cha matenda a nthawi

Mbadwowu unabwerera ku MUZ-TV ndipo MTV inakula ndikutsimikiza kuti kukhala wojambula, wovina, woimbira ndi "ozizira", ndipo ntchito zina zonse "zimayamwa". Soviet formula: "Maphunziro onse ndi ofunikira, ntchito zonse zikufunikira" - zakhala zikudziwika. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, padza nthawi yodabwitsa, pamene aliyense akufuna zokondweretsa ndi zosangalatsa - "kuimba nyimbo", mmalo mogwira ntchito. Anthu amakhulupirira kuti dziko lapansi ndi lalikulu, ndipo, malinga ndi lingaliro limeneli, padzakhala munthu amene adzagwiritsabe ntchito phindu la ntchito zomwe sizigwirizana ndi chilengedwe. Mwa kuyankhula kwina: "Winawake, koma osati ine."

F. F. Preobrazhensky analankhula za nkhaniyi? Wowerenga akudzifunsabe funso lokhudza kufunika kwa nkhani yakuti "Galu wa Mtima"?

Palibe cholakwika ndi kupereka mwayi kwa "anyamata ndi atsikana" kuti apite ku Olympus. Koma pazifukwa zina, zikuwoneka kuti luso lenileni ndilochabechabe, ndipo zochitika zenizeni zimasonyeza kuti sizingatheke, kuphunzitsa mbadwo wa munthu aliyense wodziwa zadzidzidzi, osakondwera ndi dzikoli, amangoganizira za chuma chake. Ndi chinthu chimodzi pamene anthu apindula, komanso ena, pamene amangopasuka mu misala yonse. Inde, kuyimba pambuyo pawonetsero pa TV kwa malo odyera - osati magalimoto kumasula, koma palibe chifukwa chake kwa ndalama.

Ponena za izi, njira ina inanenedwa F.F Preobrazhensky: Munthu wa ku Russia amavutika chifukwa chakuti ali ndi moyo weniweni (komanso, moyo) sizimveka, koma ali waulesi kuti am'konzekere yekha, ndi kosavuta kuti ayambe kutsogolo Iba nsonga (kapena fufuzani nokha moyo wanu wonse). Kuyambira pamenepo, mwatsoka, pang'ono padzasintha, imachotsanso funso la kufunika kwa nkhani yakuti "Mtima wa Galu" m'nthawi yathu ino.

M'malo mwa "mpira" ndi "shvonder" anabwera "wogula"

Ndipo sizinawonekere kuti ndi mtundu wanji wa zochitikazo zomwe ziri zoipitsitsa. Inde, "ogula" ali okhwima, ochenjera, koma amachititsa dziko lapansi kugwedezeke pa zifukwa zina osati "shvonder" ndi "mpira". Monga lamulo, "wogula" sali wophunzitsidwa, koma ali ndi malingaliro ake onse: za luso lapamwamba, mafashoni apamwamba, mabuku abwino. Imalamulira kayendetsedwe ka ndalama ndi zina zotuluka. M'dziko limene zambiri zimayesedwa, "wogula" amatha kuchita zonse, chifukwa ali ambiri mwa thupi. Bulgakov ankaganiza kuti ntchito yake ndi yowonjezereka, yomwe inalembedwa mu Ulaya m'ma 2000, ndipo mamita 21 anafika ku Russia. Kodi ndi bwino kudzifunsanso nokha, ndi chiyani chofunika kwambiri pa nkhani yakuti "Galu Mtima" m'masiku athu?

Mu 1930, buku lachipembedzo la José Ortega y Gasset, The Rise of the Masses, linafalitsidwa. M'menemo, adafufuza mwatsatanetsatane zochitika za "mamuna". Mwa zina, iye analemba m'nkhani yake kuti: "Munthu wamkulu (wogula) amamva ndi kudziona kuti ndiwe mbuye wa moyo." Koma chinthucho ndi chakuti ichi si chinyengo cha kuganizira kwa wogula, iye anakhaladi mbuye wa moyo. Zonse zamakono zamakono zimangidwira zofunikira zake.

Kodi munthuyo ndi wokwiya kapena wokoma mtima? Maganizo a Bulgakov

Bulgakov sali wokhazikika pa chikhalidwe cha munthu. Osati mwachabe, iye adasiyanitsa mu nkhani yake "nyama yabwino" ndi "woipa". Panali galu wabwino, adakhala munthu woipa. Chodabwitsa si kusinthika kwa Sharik kwa Sharikov, koma chifukwa chakuti Filipo Philipovich, podziwa za kuwonongeka, adakali ndi chiyeso cholimba.

"Russian Frankenstein" sizinangowonjezera zokhazokha za Mlengi, koma lolani kuti zochitika za Soviet zikhale zenizeni ndi zonyansa zake zonse mu moyo wamtendere ndi womasuka wa pulofesa. Kwa Bulgakov mmenemo munalibe chithumwa ndipo palibe mabungwe - dothi limodzi.

Ndipo ngati zotsatira za kuyesa kwa Bulgakov zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'maganizo amodzi, ndiye kuti: "Galu wabwino ndi wabwino kuposa munthu woipa." Monga zikuwonekera, anthu ambiri amakono amavomerezana ndi lingaliro limeneli , lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi malemba a Russian poyankha funsoli ponena za kufunikira kwa nkhani ya Bulakov "Mtima wa Galu."

Pomalizira, ndikufuna kunena chinthu chimodzi chokha, kutsanzira ine Volgin: "Werengani ndi kuwerenga kachiwiri, ndikuwulula zowonjezera zatsopano."