Kulankhula mtundu wanyimbo: tanthauzo, mitundu. oratory

Mu Greece wakale, kulankhula akusonyeza ankaona luso. Komabe, gulu la makamaka ikuchitika pakati pa krasnosloviem, ndakatulo ndi kumachita zilandiridwenso. Apamwamba makamaka kutanthauziridwa monga nzeru za mawu komanso ndakatulo, prose komanso momveka bwino. Iye - ndakatulo ndi mbuye wa mawu. Kale, apamwamba anaphunzitsa. Okamba ali ambiri agwiritsa ntchito njira mwapadera ndakatulo, ncholinga kulimbitsa expressiveness pa mawu ake. Lero, kulankhula mtundu wanyimbo kudziwa malingana ndi gawo kulankhulana, ndi eigenfunction lolingana: kulankhulana, kukambirana ndiponso kanthu.

Yang'anani anzeru osiyanasiyana apamwamba a

Mu malingaliro a anzeru ambiri akale anapeza akuyerekezera losafuna luso luso kupenta ndi chosema, ndi mapulani sayansi. Kwache pikhalonga zimenezi nthawi kuyang'ana mtima. Nthawi zambiri ankaona oratory monga mlongo luso lake zochitikazo ndipo ndakatulo. Aristotle mu "apamwamba" ndi "Poetics", akuyerekeza waluso polankhula ndi ndakatulo, kupeza chinthu chimodzi pakati pawo. Ndipo Cicero, ndi mawu onse pogwiritsa ntchito kumachita njira. Kenako kulankhula mtundu wanyimbo monga oratory anapanga kugwirizana pakati pa ndakatulo, oratory ndi kumachita zilandiridwenso. Yemweyo Lomonosov M. V. mu ntchito yake pa apamwamba ( "Quick Start Guide kuti athandize mafani krasnosloviya") chimakamba za kufunika yaikulu ya zigawo luso la kulankhula pagulu. Malinga ndi tanthauzo lake, oratory zikutanthauza euphony, i.e. "Lankhulani zokongola." Ulemerero ndi mphamvu ya mawu, yalongosoledwa momveka mwa kuimira, wokhoza chimwemwe ndi kukwaniritsa zilakolako anthu. Kuti ali, malingana ndi sayansi, ndi Cholinga cha wolankhulayo. maganizo ofanana anafotokoza m'buku Merzlyakov AF "Pa makhalidwe owona a ndakatulo ndi wogwira moyo" (1824).

apamwamba ndi ndakatulo Us

Merzlyakov amaona ndakatulo ndi wogwira moyo monga anthu okhudzidwa mofanana ntchito yolenga. Izi zikusonyeza kuti si ajambule kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa ndakatulo ndi wogwira moyo. Pa ubale ena a ndakatulo ndi krasnosloviya amene ali polemba chinenero kulankhula, iye analemba Belinskiy V. G. Iye anati ndakatulo - limalongosola mchitidwe (simungakonde koma njira). wolankhulira bwalo Russian Koni A. F. analemba za luso la kulankhula pagulu ngati zoona zilandiridwenso, luso ndi zikuphatikizapo zinthu andakatulo, anasonyeza pakamwa. Iye - munthu amene ayenera kuganiza kulenga. Malinga Connie, kusiyana pakati pa ndakatulo ndi wogwira moyo ndi kuti ali m'modzi ndipo zenizeni yemweyu, kuyambira mfundo ina.

Kodi kulankhula mtundu wanyimbo? KUFOTOKOZERA mfundo kulankhula

Lingaliro ambiri woyankhula kutanthauziridwa otanthauzira zinenero mabuku ngati ntchito wokamba ntchito chinenero umalimbana mogwirizana ndi mamembala ena a gulu chinenero, ndi ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana za kulankhula, cholinga chimene - kulanda zili zovuta, kuphatikizapo mfundo umalimbana kumvetsera ndi kumulimbikitsa kuchita zinthu kapena kuyankha. Pamafunika nthawi ndi kuika mu mkokomo (kuphatikizapo mkati) kapena kulemba. Chifukwa cha zinthu zimenezi, ndiye amodzi kukumbukira kapena kalata. Mu masiku ano mchitidwe oratory kosaoneka wodziŵa kulankhula ndakatulo, monga izo zinali mu masiku amakedzana. kulankhula mtundu wanyimbo anatsimikiza ndi cholinga ndi njira. Pa mtundu wa kulankhula amalembedwa Mitundu awo, umene nthawi imene ikudziwika motsatira malangizo komanso kamangidwe kake. Chikhalidwe mawonekedwe kulankhula watero kugonjetsedwa mtundu ndi mutu wa nkhani, chikhalidwe stylistic ndi zikuchokera.

Mitundu ya kulankhula pagulu (mawu) mtundu wanyimbo

Mu sayansi yamakono, mtundu wanyimbo kulankhula anawagawira motere: umoyo ndale, maphunziro, milandu, moyo, mpingo ndi zamulungu (Zauzimu). Mtundu wa mtundu wanyimbo kulankhula amakhala ndi makamaka chinthu kulankhula ndi makhalidwe mu dongosolo kuwunika ndi ziyenera ofanana.

Gawo ndi situational ndi thematic khalidwe. Pamafunika nkhani zisudzo za vutoli, nkhaniyi ndi cholinga chake. nkhawa umoyo ndale: zisudzo pa zachikhalidwe cha anthu, ndale, chuma, chikhalidwe, chikumbumtima ndi chikhalidwe za sayansi ndi luso nkhani malipoti Mwachidule, zamtendere, nkhondo ndi misonkhano dziko lawo, agitatorial aphungu. A malo apadera wa apamwamba zauzimu mu mpingo ndi moyo zamulungu. Nkofunika kuti ulaliki ndi kufalitsa mitu achipembedzo.

Theological ndi mwamawonekedwe masitaelo

Ndi mpingo-zamulungu kalembedwe oratory monga mitundu ya Mitundu kulankhula, kuphatikizapo kulalikira, moni, obituaries, zokambirana, ulaliki, makalata, zokambidwa pa sukulu zamulungu, kulankhula kwa atolankhani (anthu otumikira). polemba chinenero ichi ndi wapadera: ana amakhala okhulupirira. Nkhani zokamba otengedwa Lemba, mabuku a Abambo a Tchalitchi ndi zina. Kusewera mu mtundu wanyimbo limene lili mbali ya boma, malonda ndi masitaelo maphunziro. Bukuli lili ndi dongosolo imasonyeza kukhalako kwa zikalata zofunikira. nkhani imeneyo lolunjika pa Kupenda zinthu mu dziko, zochitika za m'dzikoli, cholinga chimene - kuunikila mfundo. Zikuphatikizapo ndale, chuma ndi zina pa mfundo zimenezi, ziyenera a zochitika, malangizo malipoti pa ntchitoyo. Monga ulamuliro, iwo amadzipereka kuti mavuto enieni kapena kutchula mafoni, amafotokozera chikhalidwe ongolankhula a mapulogalamu.

Kusankha ndi ntchito chuma zinenero

Pankhaniyi, choyamba chofunika mutu ndi chandamale atakhala zisudzo onse. Ena malankhulidwe ndale yodziwika ndi mbali stylistic zomwe kalembedwe ofunda, kutanthauza impersonality kapena mawu ofooka, mitundu buku, mawu ndale, mawu luso (mwachitsanzo, chuma). zizindikiro zimenezi zimaonetsa maonekedwe a mtundu wanyimbo kulankhula ndi kudziwa ntchito (zithunzi, maganizo) kuti tikwaniritse zotsatira ankafuna. Mwachitsanzo, pa msonkhano wa lipoti asilikali ndi chikhalidwe, koma ikuchitika ntchito mawu colloquial ndi malembedwe. A chitsanzo chapadera ndi funso Stolypina P. A. "pa lamanja la alimi kuchoka m'dera" (kwa Bungwe la State wa 03/15/1910)

Maphunziro ndi zachiweruzo waluso polankhula

Pakuti oratory maphunziro amakhala ndi kulankhula, kuthandiza kuumba mtundu wa worldview sayansi osiyana kwambiri argumentativeness, logic ndi chikhalidwe. Zikuphatikizapo nkhani ku mayunivesite, malipoti kafukufuku ndi ndemanga (posts). Kumene, kalembedwe chinenero oratory maphunziro ali pafupi ndi sayansi, koma amagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri zipangizo limaonetseratu ndi masomphenya. Mwachitsanzo, Academician Nechkin analemba za Klyuchevskoi monga mbuye amene amalankhula Russian mwangwiro. Kliuchevskoi mawu kuti umbava kuti n'zotheka kupeza mawu ambiri a chinenero zolembalemba, kusintha anthu ambiri, miyambi ndi mawu amoyo ankaikira zikalata zakale. Maphunziro waluso polankhula pa nthaka Russian chinapangidwa koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma XIX. ndipo izo umalimbana Atauka boma ndi ndale kutsitsimuka. Nsanja zisudzo patsogolo makupeka anakhala m'madipatimenti yunivesite. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti mu zaka 40-60. iwo anabwera kudzagwira ntchito ndi asayansi wamng'ono, amene yodziwika ndi malingaliro European pang'onopang'ono. Granovsky, Soloviev, zigawo, Mendeleev, Stoletov, Timiryazev, Vernadsky Fersman, Vavilov - lecturers, amene Chezetsedwa omvera ndi mawu ake.

okamba Judicial luso ndi kupereka amadza akulimbana ndi ogwira omvera. Kuonetsetsa: wozenga (loya) ndi loya (kumbuyo) kulankhula.

The zosiyanasiyana

The zosiyanasiyana za chilengedwe ndi maonekedwe a ntchito chinenero chifukwa kukhalapo cha mitundu yambiri ya zochita za anthu. Mitundu ya mawu olembedwa ndi m'kamwa. Amaonetsa zinthu zenizeni kumunda ndi mavuto chifukwa okhutira, kalembedwe, zipangizo (mawu phraseology, galamala), zikuchokera. Kuchuluka kwa ntchito umabala Mitundu yake ndi mitundu. Zikuphatikizapo ogula kukambirana, nkhani, kulemba, zikalata kuti malonda.

Heterogeneity amalenga vuto tipeze tanthauzo ambiri mwa ziganizo.

Mitundu kulankhula anawagawa zasekondale ndi zapulaimale (yosavuta zovuta). Zovuta - kwalembedwa (makamaka ntchito zolembalemba, nkhani za sayansi, etc.). Zambiri - kulankhulana kupyolera mu kulankhula. Ngati inu kuyang'ana pa pulayimale, padzakhala kukhala vuto la "vulgarization" vuto. Only kuphunzira kwa mitundu iwiri ya mgwirizano ndi zinenero philological phindu.

Vuto la Mitundu Bakhtin

The chiŵerengero cha ochiritsira (national) ndipo munthu masitaelo - yovutayi nkhani mawu. Kuti bwino kalembedwe, muyenera kutenga njira udindo kwa funso kuphunzira mtundu wanyimbo (mawu). Mfundo yakuti ife chingakhale weniweni yekhayo mu mawonekedwe a mawu konkire anthu kulankhula munthu (zisudzo), Bakhtin anati. Kulankhula Mitundu ndi maziko a maganizo ake pa mfundo izo monga gulu lenileni la kulankhulana. Malinga Bakhtin, ndi kuponyedwa mu mawonekedwe a mawu, ndipo popanda kumeneko kulibe. Kusintha kwa nzika kulankhula - mbali yoyamba ya watero lapansi. Chachiwiri - ichi ndi ungwiro (umphumphu) lomwe lili ndi kugwirizana ndi:

• chinthu kulingalira za kutopa;
• kulankhula cholinga (chifuniro wokamba);
• mitundu kutha, nyimbo lililonse ndi kutsiriza mtundu wanyimbo.

Polemba chinenero anakonza mawu umakhudza kusankha mawu. MM Bakhtin amamangirira wofunika kwambiri kwa mtundu wanyimbo mitundu. Kudzera Kuzindikila mtundu wanyimbo kuyambira pa chiyambi, tili kulankhula ndi mphamvu ya mawu lonse. Popanda kulankhulana umenewu ukhala wovuta ndi kovuta.

polemba chinenero m'kamwa

Oral - ndi kulankhula kuti munthu akumva. Mu nkhani iyi, amasankha anthu okhawo "mafano phokoso" amene ali naye pafupi, ali bwino. Chinthu chirichonse analilumpha, monga iwo amati, "makutu a ogontha". Izi ndi zofunika chifukwa mawu onse a mtsinje kulankhula, amene panopa pambuyo pa umzake, kungadzutse mafano pa mfundo za metonymy, contiguity, logic. kuyankhulana amagwiritsa zotsatirazi m'kamwa kulankhula Mitundu:

• kukambirana - kuphana kapena zinanso;
• Kuthokoza - matamando interlocutor, omwe cholinga chawo - kum'kondweretsa;
• nkhani - ndi monologue ndi mmodzi mwa interlocutors, ndi cholinga chimene - nkhani ya mwambowu, chochitika, etc.
• kukambirana - kulankhula umalimbana interlocutor, zomwe cholinga kudziŵitsa amvetse kapena kupeza chibwenzi;
• mkangano - ndi kukambirana umalimbana kupeza choonadi.

Ndi pakamwa monga kulemba, malamulo ake ndi malamulo. Nthawi zina ena zolakwa za kulankhula, monga mawu yosatha, kapangidwe ofooka, kumamusokoneza, reprises, ndi zinthu zofanana - ndi chikhalidwe zofunika zotsatira bwino komanso zothandiza.

Kukambiranako ku Mitundu mawu

kukambirana ndi limodzi mwa ntchito kuvomerezedwa koyenera kuti kutanthauzira kwa mawu mtundu wanyimbo amatanthauza "paralinguistic". Tsiku ndi Tsiku-ogula kukambirana - ndi malo a "wosanganiza" chinenero, amene zipangizo za ntchito mauthenga mogwirizana kwambiri ndi njira sanali chinenero. Mbali khalidwe la kulankhulana mwa kulankhula ndi kukambirana mfundo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti maudindo kulankhula alternating boma (ndi udindo zitasintha). Yokhala, izo zikuwoneka ngati izi: amati - omvetserawo chachiwiri. Koma ili ndi chiwembu abwino, zomwe pafupifupi zimachokeradi mu mawonekedwe woyera. Amamva zambiri amakhalabe chabe kapena chete kwa amadzadza nkhope, manja (paralinguistic pothandiza anthu). Features zomwe ogula m'mudzi:

• ndi posakonzekera;
• zosiyanasiyana nkhani zokambirana;
• kusintha mwamsanga;
• chitachitika kalembedwe ;
• chosowa mipherezero;
• maganizo ndi limaonetseratu.

Phunzirani luso oratory. Izi ndi zofunika kwambiri pa moyo wathu!