Ali Athos (phiri)? Woyera Phiri: kufotokoza, kutalika. Kodi kumeneko? mchitidwe umenewu mwa phiri la Athos

M'nkhani ino tikambirana amodzi mwa malo ambiri chodabwitsa ndi wokongola pa dziko lapansi. Kodi mukudziwa dziko ndiye phiri la Athos? Chomwe chimapangitsa izo otchuka? anthu ake? Pa izi ndi ambiri mafunso ena ife yesani kuyankha tsopano.

malo

Tsopano tiyeni tiwone, ali paphiri la Athos pa mapu. Kugombe la kumpoto kwa Nyanja Aegean, ku Greece, chilumba ndi mawonekedwe zachilendo chokhala dzanja ndi zala zitatu. Izi Halkidiki. Yake kum'mawa "chala", kukuchitika makilomita oposa makumi asanu - izo Athos. Kum'mawa ndi osambitsidwa ndi deepwater Gulf Ierisu. Kumadzulo, izo ziyenera buluu kuli mdima madzi a Gulf wa Singitikos. Kumpoto ndi wa kamtunda kopita ku chilumba Sasita, koma pafupi - wotchuka m'tauni ya Ouranoupolis. Kudzera pochitika wogonera, amene ali ndi chidwi Phiri Athos (Greece). kutalika kwake - 2033 m.

Kodi kumeneko?

Malowa ali pamtunda kuti angafikire yekha ndi nyanja, ndi kugula tikiti ngalawa, pafupi Bay a Daphne, kumene doko. Kuyambira pano pa khwalala afike Carey (likulu la mabwalo kumene kumakhala Amonke). Popeza mikuntho pano ali m'malo pafupipafupi, ndi wogonera, amene mukudziwa kumene Athos (phiri), zambiri kusankha njira lalifupi pano - mu Ouranoupolis. Ndipo tsopano zosangalatsa gawo - mbiri ya malo awa.

Mbiri ya kuphiri la Athos

Kuyambira Kale, Athos chilumba anali anthu mafuko Greek. Kudzera anapitirira nyanja maulendo zazikulu zonse, zimene zikugwirizana Greece ndi East.

Kuteteza umboni zopelekedwa kuli mizinda chilumba (anaonekera zaka 1000 asanabadwe Khristu). Ntchito za masiku amakedzana mbiri yakale kwambiri (Thucydides ndi Herodotus) mayina a ena a iwo, monga Olofiksos, Fissos, Kleone, Dion, Apollo, Akroafos. Malo a midzi izi silinakwaniritsidwe anapereka.

Pamene Athos olambira atangofika kumene, mzinda, makamaka pa msinkhu (a anthu a anthu 10 000), anali m'chipululu.

Phiri Athos - Woyera Mountain

C chiyambi cha monasticism zambiri abale anakakhala mapiri, chifukwa ntchito chosadzikonda otchedwa malo opatulika. Iwo anali mu Igupto, Palestine, Asia Minor, Suriya. Ambiri a iwo anali mwina malo ochepa, kunyumba kwa Chimonko ochepa, kapena bwinja la nyumba umboni kuti ukulu wakale malo amenewa.

Monasticism paphiri la Athos

The wakale Mpingo mwambo limanena kuti paphiri la Athos Chikhristu chokha anayamba kulalikira kwa Amayi a Mulungu, amene anatenga malo awa pansi zothandizira mipingo yawo wake.

Tsopano n'zovuta kuti pamene Chimonko woyamba pa phiri la Athos. Ochita kafukufuku amakhulupirira kuti mu nkhalango chilumba pa kuzunzidwa kwa Akhristu oyambirira anabisala. The nkhondo wakunja adani, kuzunzidwa zonse anawononga lonse la zolemba zimene zingachititse kuunikira pa koyamba gawo la moyo wa dziko la kumene kumakhala Amonke. Mwina lembani zingalowe izi nthano zambiri. Mwachibadwa, sangathe kutumikira umboni wamphamvu kwa asayansi. Komabe, akatswiri ambiri amakhulupirira kuti Chimonko loyamba la Mountain Woyera (Phiri Athos anali zoterezi malo a) anabwera mu masiku a St Constantine.

Ngati inu mukukhulupirira nthano, Konstantin Veliky abverana kuti amange likulu latsopano la Ufumu wa Roma pa Athos chilumba. Kale pachimake ntchito pa kukafola mapulani a m'tawuni, pamene Mfumu anabwera chizindikiro - Bishop wa m'deralo. Iye anauza Constantine kuti malo amenewa wasankha Virgin yekha. Mokokomeza mfumu anakana pempholo wake, kuwonjezera, anamanga m'phiri la Athos kachisi zitatu zazikulu polemekeza Virgin pafupi midzi yake yozungulira, ku malo amene lero zili Vatopedi ndi Iviron obisika, Kara. Iwo anali pambuyo anawononga Julian wampatuko.

Constantine anatumiza okhala m'phiri la Athos mu Peloponnese chilumba. Pali lina kuti yosamutsa anali Pogonate kenako mfumu.

"Akazi palibe kulowa!"

Ichi ndi chiletso chachikulu, zinthu Republic kumene kumakhala Amonke zaka 422. Inali pa nthawi imeneyi mwana wamkazi wa Mfumu Theodosius anafuna kulowa agulupa ya Vatopedi, koma iye anaimitsidwa ndi liwu limene kumachokera Mayi wa Mulungu. Kuchokera pamenepa, palibe mkazi sanali pa phiri.

M'zaka za m'ma VII, atalandidwa Palestine, Syria ndi Egypt, Arab Asilamu amonke anayenera kusiya dziko. Ambiri a iwo anasamukira ku phiri la Athos. Pali inu anapeza malo ogona ndi agulupa omwe ankazunzidwa iconoclasts mafumu.

Kuyambira zaka za zana IX, malo awa watupatu imodzi mwa matawuni akuluakulu kumene kumakhala Amonke wa East. The ansembe a Phiri Athos anatenga mbali XVII Zazipembedzo Council. Panthawi imeneyi Athos mmonke anali mitundu itatu ya kukhalapo - Skete, kinoviynuyu (coenobitic), kudzipatula.

Poyamba Chimonko ankakhala pafupi ndi anthu wamba, koma m'zaka za m'ma IX, chilumba anasiya alimi otsiriza ndi abusa. Mu 883, Mfumu Basil Ine anapereka lamulo limene linavomereza Peninsula zogona Chimonko yekha. Tikumbukenso kuti Athos (Woyera Mountain) moyo ndi malamulo amene sanasinthe, mpaka nthawi yathu.

Athanasia

Munthu uyu maziko a monasticism pa Athos. St. Athanasius wolemekezeka osati zachipembedzo, ndi makhalidwe ambiri komanso luso lapadera kulinganiza. Great Lavra motsogozedwa wake wakhala chitsanzo obisika, monga mwa chikhalidwe chake pambuyo ambiri mchitidwe anali m'magulu.

Anyamata kuchokera konsekonse mu dziko, kudziwa kumene Athos (phiri), anapita ku St. Athanasius, pofuna kupeza malangizo auzimu. Tinayenda pano ndi anthu wamba, nthumwi za mabanja achifumu. Pa maliro a Saint Athanasius mwa phiri la Athos Chimonko anabwera 2500.

The Golden Age Athos

Nthawiyi anafotokoza kuti m'zaka XIV. Mountain Woyera zinayamba kubala zipatso zauzimu, kutchuka kwake itadziwika Chikhristu padziko lonse.

Athos anakhala pakati hesychast chitsitsimutso. Zotsatira zachitika mu mbali ziwiri: kudzipatula ndi cenobitic monasticism.

Pa nthawi iyi pali mchitidwe umenewu Ioanna Predtechi ndi St. Anne.

Phiri lopatulika mu XX atumwi

Kuyambira mu 1910 kufika 1971, chiwerengero cha Chimonko paphiri la Athos utachepa kwambiri - kuchokera zikwi khumi ndi anthu mazana zikwi ziwiri, ndipo m'badwo wawo pafupifupi wafika zaka 55. Ofufuza ambiri amakhulupirira kuti mapeto a Phiri Athos, ndi maganizo ntchito za kusintha kwa malo opatulika ndi malo yaikulu alendo ndi m'nyumbayi zovuta. Akulu ndi moyo wodzimana mbasowa otsatira wamng'ono, panali kuopseza kuchotsa mwambo chikwi, munaupereka ku mibadwomibadwo. amonke yaikulu ndi convents anali m'chipululu ndipo anayamba kuvunda.

Koma mwadzidzidzi ngakhale optimists chosayembekezeka - phiri Athos anayamba kutsitsimutsa. Masiku ano, nambala ya agulupa anthu oposa 1,800.

Moyo wa dziko la kumene kumakhala Amonke

Pamodzi chilumba, kumene Athos (phiri), makumi awiri mchitidwe umenewu wakale anamanga pa ovuta, amene amatikumbutsa kwambiri wa nyumba akale. Aliyense wapaulendo akuchita chidwi ndi kukongola kwawo ndipo mogometsa. Komanso, m'dera la phiri la Athos ndi mchitidwe umenewu khumi, ambiri maselo, kwake ndi Kalyvia hermits.

Hayala limaletsa kumene kumakhala Amonke Republic maziko mchitidwe latsopano. m'gawo lake lagawidwa zigawo. Aliyense wa iwo ngwa wina mchitidwe.

mugawo ili anatsimikiza osati mwa mwayi wa chuma, komanso maudindo malamulo. Chaka chilichonse, oimira amonke anayi amapanga boma yazamalamulo la Athos. Chaka chilichonse, iwo kusankha nthumwi, omwe ali mbali ya chiwalo wapamwamba wa boma (Woyera Kinot) kumene kumakhala Amonke Republic.

phiri lopatulika mu mawonekedwe wapachiyambi anasunga malamulo ndi moyo wamba seclusion. Haji ku mchitidwe umenewu ndi hermitages athe kudzaza mtima kuunika ndi chisangalalo.

amonke ya Mount Athos

Lero, makumi awiri mchitidwe umenewu amachita padziko lapansi lino. Ngakhale lamulo silitanthauza ndi kuchuluka kwawo, saloledwa kulenga amonke kwatsopano ndi maselo, ngati n'koyenera.

Mchitidwe umenewu mwa phiri la Athos dongosolo losiyana masanjidwe Mzimuyo kukula kwa kachisi kapena chuma chake, ndi mlingo wa chikoka ndiponso m'munsi nthawi.

Agulupa ya Great Lavra

Ichi ndi nyumba wamkulu pa phiri la Athos. Limatchedwanso ndi Lavra wa St. Athanasius. M'munsi mwa obisika ali chaka 963. Iwo unapangidwa bungwe ndi St. Athanasius. Ndi chidina chidali wa agulupa ali mipukutu yakale imene mayina a Chimonko choyamba, komanso pamanja mu chimango golide, Uthenga Wabwino, mtanda payekha St. Athanasius.

agulupa ya Vatopedi

obisika ili pafupi ndi nyanja. Chuma chake tisaiwale nthawi ndi zithunzi za Virigo, lomwe ndi zozizwitsa Eleotochivaya, ktitorskih ophedwa. Laibulale obisika lili zikwi ziwiri mipukutu ndi zikalata zoposa 35 sauzande.

Zograf obisika

China wakale obisika paphiri la Athos. Malinga ndi nthano, idamangidwa ndi abale atatu Chibugariya, mbadwa za banja lachifumu. Mu 1873, chipilala ndi anamangidwira m'bwalo ya agulupa pa malo pamene anakumana ndi imfa yowawa 26 agulupa, kuotchedwa amoyo ndi Latins mu 1276.

Akatolika kulankhulana. Paulo

Sitingathe kunena mawu angapo za agulupa ya St. Paulo, limene lili kum'mwera-kum'mawa kwa phiri la Athos. Pambuyo Turkey kupondereza mu XIX m'ma amonke anasiya obisika ndipo anabwerera kwa iye mothandizidwa ndi tsars Russian. obisika inamangidwa mu X atumwi. Iwo anali lowonongeka pa moto mu 1902.

Akatolika kulankhulana. Panteleimon

Adakhala ali dzina lina - "Russika". Anaonekera pa phiri la Athos kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XI, pamene apa pakubwera woyamba Russian Chimonko. M'zaka XIX, izo munali anthu oposa 1,000. M'dera ichi mosamalitsa kusungidwa mphamvu kulankhulana. Panteleimon. Laibulale wachuma wa agulupa anapulumuka mipukutu zikwi ziwiri ndi oposa 20,000 Greek, Russian ndi Asilavo mabuku. amonke onse Phiri Athos ndi chuma zozizwitsa za iconography Byzantine. Chimonko kusunga frescoes kawirikawiri ndi zojambula pakhoma, zithunzi wapatali ndi zinthu zakale. Iwo samangokhala kuteteza komanso kuchulukitsa kuchuluka chauzimu cha Orthodox.

Kwambiri atalemekeza pa zithunzi Phiri Athos ndi chithunzi cha Lady athu Portaitissa (Vratarnitsa) ndi Gerontissa (Staritsa). Akandilambile amonke Iviron ansembe yotchedwa ndi Pantocrator. Phiri Athos ndi monga nthawi yamoyo. Iwo silimatikopa mayesero a moyo wa uchimo wa anthu wamba.

Tsopano inu mukudziwa kumene Athos - phiri zamatsenga ndi wokongola. Ngati mpata ukapezeka, onetsetsani kuti kukaona malo lodabwitsali.