Kuwala dzuwa gawo chikhalidwe cha ndondomekoyi

Photosynthesis monga mankhwala chodabwitsa ndi ndondomeko imene mankhwala organic anapanga mwa kuchita madzi ndi mpweya. Wofunika kwambiri ndi ndondomeko otaya kuwala, ndi kudzipeleka mwachindunji mankhwala photosynthesis. Pakuti zomera zinthu zina ndi wotchedwa chlorophyll, mabakiteriya - bacteriochlorophyll.

Zimenezi ndi chikhalidwe chake ndi Mipikisano gawo ndi chikhalidwe kwadzidzidzi. Multistage akuwonetseredwa mu chakuti pa dzuwa ndi njira zimachitika sequentially kulandira, akatembenuka, ndi ntchito analandira kwadzidzidzi cha mphamvu ya kuwala. Limodzi kusintha maganizo ndi kusintha kwa mpweya woipa nkhani organic. A ndondomeko imene muli mphamvu yapamwamba ndi mankhwala ATP molekyulu otchedwa kuwala gawo la dzuwa. Waukulu chikhalidwe Chinthu ndi nthenda imeneyi ndi kukhalapo kwa mphamvu ya kuwala. Limagwirira kwa kuonetsetsa kusintha monga gawo kuwala kwa dzuwa akhoza schematically ankaimira motere. Wotchedwa chlorophyll, limene lili pa nembanemba mu chloroplasts zomera, zimatenga ndi fluxes kuwala kwa dzuwa mphamvu. Ndiye, mphamvu zimenezi kumathandiza zinthu mogwirizana asidi phosphoric ndi mfundo za ATP ndi ADP mamolekyulu. Komabe, pa ntchito kuwala mphamvu sikuthetsa. Kupatula kukhudzana mamolekyulu ndondomeko maphatikizidwe, mphamvu izi mozindikira, kugwira zimene zimapanga madzi akuwaza. Apa, gawo kuwala kwa dzuwa ukuyenda mwa anachita 2H20 = 4H + + 4e- + O2. Monga Tingaone chifukwa cha linachepa akutumikira kusanduka mpweya kenako walowa ufulu mawonekedwe mu chilengedwe.

Chotsatira, amene anazindikira gawo kuwala kwa dzuwa, ndi kutsegula kwa mamolekyulu chlorophyll. Pa ndondomekoyi, mchikakamizo cha kuwala quanta wotchedwa chlorophyll molekyulu ndi elekitironi chimachititsa kuti apamwamba elekitironi mlingo mu dongosolo molekyulu. Catalysts ndi elekitironi onyamula kuti ndi zinthu za mapuloteni chloroplast. Kudutsa ndi deta chonyamulira mapuloteni zinayendera, wotchedwa chlorophyll molekyulu elekitironi ndi amakakamizidwa kutaya mphamvu yake, ndipo khama pa ntchito yokonza ndi redox ndondomeko ya ATP mamolekyulu.

Choncho anataya mphamvu yake ndi zinthu (ma elekitironi), wotchedwa chlorophyll molekyulu ndi kubwezeretsedwa ndi Kuwonjezera ma elekitironi munali chifukwa cha otaya kale pamwambapa pogawanikana pamawere zimene mamolekyulu madzi. Anapanga wa hydrogen m'kati pogawanikana pamawere ndi apanga ndi chinthu china chimene chingathe kuchita ntchito conveyor ake mkati chloroplast lapansi.

Zomera mwachibadwa kulibe zinthu mdima, i.e. pamene otaya mphamvu ya kuwala alipo. Choncho, dzuwa chikuchitika ndi mdima sitepe, yomwe ikuchitika mu malo atagona pakati pa casing ndi thylakoids chloroplast. Pakuti gawo ili la mphamvu kuwala osafunika, ndipo anachita yokha imakhala ndi ndondomeko ya ndondomeko ya kusintha kwa maselo mpweya woipa kulowa mpweya awo. The chifukwa cha kusinthika kotereku mutuluka mapangidwe tinthu shuga, makamaka ndi mankhwala ena organic. mankhwala zimenezo zimaphatikizapo amino zidulo, nucleotides, komanso onse glycerol kudziwika.

Kuwonjezera dzuwa gawo kulekana, gulu m'nkhani sayansi ndondomeko zachilengedwe mtundu. The akuluakulu ndi C3 photosynthesis, ndi C4 dzuwa, imene chakudya, motero, ndipo atatu a anayi pawiri.