Catalysis wa homogeneous ndi sakanikira catalysis: kufotokoza ndi zitsanzo

Ena zosiyanasiyana mankhwala okha zimachitika zovuta kapena sadzafika. Ndipo kenako "kupulumutsidwa" kubwera zinthu zapadera - ndi catalysts. Iwo amakulolani "kuzilambalala chotchinga" - ndipo anachita ndi anayamba, ngakhale popanda iwo kuti mwina konse anayamba kapena chidzachitika pang'onopang'ono. Akumana catalysis homogeneous ndi sakanikira catalysis. Kodi mawu amenewa amatanthauza chiyani?

dzina mwina osiyanasiyana malingana ngati chothandizira chomwecho ndi reactants ndi gawo. Chothandizira pakokha amadya zotani. Ngati mukuona ziwiri gawo malire pakati pa thunthu ndi chothandizira, ndi catalysis ndi sakanikira. The Tinganenenso chimodzimodzi mlanduwu kumene boma la nkhani ndi chothandizira ali osiyana. Homogenous likugwiritsidwanso ntchito pa sing'anga homogeneous mu gawo limodzi.

Mu catalysis sakanikira, ndi chothandizira kawirikawiri - olimba, ndi reagents mwina zakumwa kapena kusungunuka mu madzi kapena mpweya. M'menemo reactants ndi adsorbed pa malo yogwira chothandizira (osati kusokoneza wa kumamatira ndi mayamwidwe The choyamba ndi mtundu wina wa "kum'mamatira" pamwamba., Wachiwiri -when munthu thunthu likulowerera mu dongosolo zina).

Choncho pakati mamolekyulu reagent ndi anzake mankhwala a chothandizira amapezeka. Kungaphatikizepo monga mankhwala anachita padziko, ndi kufooka kumangidwa mwa mamolekyulu ndi reactant. Ndiye anachita zimene mamolekyulu kawirikawiri yotsalira nkhani kugunda woyamba reactant molekyulu. The chifukwa cha zimene ali desorbed, "unstick" chikufunika yogwira. Monga kale mwachidule, chothandizira si amadya zotani. Anasintha yekha kuchuluka kwa reactants ndi mankhwala.

Catalysis wa homogeneous ndi sakanikira catalysis ankagwiritsa ntchito makampani. Pano pali chitsanzo cha wachiwiri, monga chiphunzitso Takambirana kale.

Monga amadziwika, margarine - zimalimbikitsa mafuta. Iye ndi kugwirizana olimba. A mafuta masamba, kumene chifukwa amapangidwa, makamaka madzi. Kodi kukwaniritsa kuuma? Kudzera hydrogenation, i.e. awiri chomangira mpweya maatomu sanakwatire chifukwa Kuwonjezera maatomu wa hydrogen. chothandizira A amachita monga zitsulo faifi tambala mu boma olimba. Mafuta, amene analandira ndi linachepa amatchedwa hydrogenated. Kumene, ngati zonse ano zimalimbikitsa mafuta, iwo sali kwambiri, koma demonize iwo sali wokwanira.

Catalysis wa homogeneous ndi sakanikira catalysis bwino, chifukwa iwo kumvetsa osati mafakitale komanso kusintha kwa zinthu zachilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, chiwonongeko cha wosanjikiza Mpweya umene - chitsanzo cha catalysis homogeneous.

Mpweya umene analengedwa ndi kuwononga kachiwiri malinga ndi ultraviolet poizoniyu wa molekyulu ndi. Komabe, njira yachibadwa ndi akusokoneza pamaso pa chloro maselo ndi fluorocarbons, omwe alipo mu mlengalenga mwa mawonekedwe a mpweya ndi zinthu za mpweya mafakitale. Kodi ngati izi zimachitika? Mamolekyulu mpweya ndi fluorine mankhwala chloro- maso Mpweya umene mamolekyulu ndi kuwatengera wina mpweya atomu. Ndiye, pawiri, mwachitsanzo, chlorine ndi mpweya collides ndi mzake molekyulu ozoni, chifukwa mu molekyulu mpweya ndi buluzi ndi tinthu chloro pawiri amene angasokoneze zina zikwi mamolekyulu ozoni. Choncho pali catalysis homogeneous. Monga mukuonera, chidziwitso cha ndondomekoyi kumatithandiza kuzindikira kuti muyenera kusamala ndi ntchito zina zakumwa ndi deodorants kwa refrigerators.

Komabe, tisaiwale kuti zinthu catalyze ndi homogeneous ndi sakanikira catalysis, akhoza osati imathandizira anachita, komanso amachepetsa izo. Pankhaniyi iwo amatchedwa zoletsa. Ndipo catalysts aliyense, nayenso zingakhudze zinthu zina: accelerators kapena chothandizira ziphe. Choncho catalysis - ndi Mipikisano gawo ndi kumvetsa m'pofunika kumvetsa chifukwa catalysis. Ndipo ndi chifukwa ndondomekoyi amafuna zochepa kutsegula mphamvu, chifukwa ndondomeko ukupita mu njira zosiyana koposa ngati anali kuyenda yekha.

Monga momwe taonera zitsanzo za catalysis akhoza kukhala osiyana kwambiri kwa ubwino kwa anthu. Komabe, kuti kusintha dziko, muyenera kumvetsa izo. Choncho, kukaphunzira sayansi osati "vpriglyadku".