Amene anapeza Antarctica kwenikweni?

Kukhalako kwa Africa chimodzi theoretically anthu adziwe kuyambira chiyambi cha m'ma XVI. Maulendowa Amerigo Vespuchchi 1501-1502 gg. Ndi akatswiri osiyanasiyana M'madera a zitunda kumalo ozizira a Chigawo cha kum'mwera ndipo tidakocheza m'mphepete mwa chilumba cha South Georgia. Kupita mu kuyenda panyanja mzati kuteteza ozizira, olimba ayezi ndi hummocks. Pambuyo pake, zinsinsi za Antarctica anakopeka anapeza ake. Pa maps of Africa anaonekera kale iwo analumpha pa phazi la munthu, ngakhale mpaka nthawi imene anthu oyamba dzikolo ataphimbidwa ndi ayezi. Poyamba ankaganiza kuti kontinenti izi ndi kum'mwera kwenikweni kwa Latin America kapena ngakhale Australia, monga Mwachitsanzo, akatunge mu 1513 Pirireisa mapu.

Koma Antarctica amene anatsegula loyamba? Ndipo kodi "poyera"? Ndikuona? Ndinaponda kumtunda? Ine kukazikoloŵeka mbendera? Pa nthawiyi, palibe vutoli. Russian ndikukhulupirira kuti ulemu otseguka Africa anali ulendo wa Bellingshausen ndi Lazarev (January 1820), pamene British amakhulupirira kuti Antarctica anapeza Edward Bransfild (mu January 1820). America kupereka kwa n'kukhutira wa anatulukira Africa latsopano Nathaniel Palmer (November 1820). Onse atatu a Maulendo awa anangowona zotulutsa kwa thambo kumtunda, koma sanathe kukhala pafupi ndi iwo chifukwa cha yaikulu danga ayezi. Ganizo loyamba kuti hoist mbendera ya dziko lawo France Dumont d'Urville, koma iye anatero, monga kunapezeka, pachilumbachi, koma osati pa chiwembu lalikulu la dziko.

The Dutch ndi yankho lawo lawo la funso la amene anapeza Antarctica. Malinga ndi iwo, zinandipangitsa Mkulu woyendetsa sitimayo Dirk Geeritts kumbuyo mu 1559. Pambuyo mkuntho kuti m'kati mwa Strait of Magellan, chombo sakugwirizana ndi squadron ndi molakwika anatumiza kum'mwera. Pamene kutayera, ndi Dutch anaona "mkulu pansi" ndipo kuzindikiridwa ndondomeko zawo - 64 ° S. yakumadzulo. Komabe, Geeritts konse amati kukhala anatulukira kulalikira, ndipo sitidziwa chimene iye akuti "pokwera" - mwina linali chimodzi mwa zilumba, ndiwo ambiri pa alumali m'dzikoli.

Mu January 1773 Dzheyms Kuk anafika pa zombo «Maonekedwe» ndi «Wongosangalatsa» kwa ° 67 'S. yakumadzulo., kumene anaimitsidwa ndi ayezi. Sadzapuma n'kukhutira wathu, anabwerera chaka chotsatira ndipo anafika 71 ° 15 'kum'mwera kumpoto Koma pamene anali kusamukira ku chakumadzulo kwa Tierra del Fuego, dziko iye konse anafika, ndipo sanali kuona. Koma pafupi ndi gombe la kumtunda anali mwayi wa ngalawa American "Cecilia," chaka cha Russian ulendo mu 1821. Koma anthu sapita kumtunda. Ngati woweruza amene anapeza Antarctica pa ndegeyo, ndipo apa ife tikupeza discordance.

Tsiku boma la ndegeyo oyamba pa ayezi chokhala ndi alumali si ichi cha dziko ankaona kuti January 23, 1895. ulemu umene unagwa Norwegians awiri: mkulu wa sitima usodzi "Antarctica" Christensen ndipo wina Karlstenu Borhgrovinku, mphunzitsi wa sayansi achilengedwe. Mphunzitsi zoona, kutali anakopa zonena wofuna mafakitale chombo mkulu Chikoka bwato doko ndi madzi pagombe. Pali Borhgrovink anasonkhana zitsanzo thanthwe la miyala ndipo anafotokoza zimene anaona ndere Antarctic. Koma pano pali asayansi Argentine atagwirizana ndi ulamuliro wa Norwegians, kuti tipeze amene anatsegula Antarctica, Sikutheka chifukwa anthu awa sali anasiya palibe umboni olembedwa. Ofukula pa gombe la kumtunda zotsalira za nyumba ndi katundu wa m'nyumba, zapakati pa chiyambi cha m'ma XVIII. Samveka whalers osadziwika dziko atenga chinsinsi chake kumanda.

Chirichonse chomwe icho chinali, mtengo wa maulendowa Russian umunthu ndi wosatsutsika. Bellingshausen ndi Lazarev analambalala kumtunda komanso anasonyeza kuti wazunguliridwa ndi nyanja. Weather mu Antarctica si abwino Kukwezeleza chozama: ngakhale m'chilimwe pali kusungunuka ayezi chivundikirocho. Zinali uyamiko kwa Iye Africa ndi yayikulu - kutalika kwake pafupifupi mamita oposa 2 zikwi, ndi chimbuzi (Vinson Massif) - mamita 5140. Kutsegula Antarctica chinachitika mu chimodzimodzi maudindo ndi yowopsa mapulani kwa anthu kupeza Pole South. Lavra kudziwa kwambiri kum'mwera mfundo za padziko lathuli a Amundsen (1911-12.).