Kypchak Khanate: chiyambi ndi mbiri

Kypchak akale khanate - yense Polovtsian mafuko amene anali m'madera ambiri steppe la Europe ndi ku Asia. Dziko lawo linayambira ku m'kamwa mwa Danube kumadzulo kwa Irtysh Mtsinje kum'mawa ndiponso kuchokera Kama mtsinje kumpoto kwa kum'mwera kwa Nyanja ya Aral. Pa kuli Kypchak Khanate - XI - XIII zaka.

prehistory

Polovtsi (maina ena: Kipchak polovchane, Cumans) anali anthu Turkic ndi Agiriki steppe woyendayendawu njira ya moyo. Mu VIII atumwi, anadziyesa m'gawo la Kazakhstan ano. anansi awo anali Khazars ndi Oghuz. Polovtsian sires makolo ankaona kuti anakubwera steppes a kum'mawa Tien Shan ndi Mongolia. N'chifukwa chake choyamba umboni za anthu - Chinese.

Mu 744, ndi Cumans anabwera pansi pa Kimaks ulamuliro ndi kwa nthawi yaitali ankakhala Kimek Khanate. M'zaka za m'ma IX zinthu zinavuta anyamata. Polovtsi akwaniritsa hegemony pa Kimaks. Kotero apo Kypchak Khanate. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XI, ndi kukankhira kunja kwa malire kunsi kwa mtsinje Syr Darya loyandikana fuko la Oghuz. Kumalire ndi Khorezm mu Polovtsian unali mzinda Sygnak, kumene anakhala yozizira pamsasa. Tsopano mu malo ake ndi bwinja la mzinda wakale, kupereka n'kofunika kwambiri ofukula zinthu zakale.

kukhala boma

Ndi 1050 Kypchak Khanate odzipereka lonse la Kazakhstan amakono (kupatula Semirechye). Kummawa, malire a State anafika Irtysh Mtsinje ndi malire ake kumadzulo anakakhala pa Volga. Kumwera kwa Kipchak anafika Talas, kumpoto - nkhalango ya ku Siberia.

The zikuchokera mtundu wa wongosamukasamuka izi unapangidwa pophatikizana a mitundu ina. Akatswiri a mbiri yakale kudziwa awiri ofunika fuko Kipchak: yanto onani. Komanso, Cumans wosanganiza ndi anansi awo anagonjetsa (Turkey ndi Oguz). Ofufuza mlandu mpaka 16 Kipchak mafuko. Iwo borili, toksoba, durut, karaborikly, bizhanak ndi T. D.

Pakati pa XI m'ma Kypchak Khanate nditafika pachimake pa kukula. Apaulendo kukhala pa Black Sea ndi steppes Russian, kufika malire a Ufumu wa Byzantium. Chifukwa cha unyinji kusamuka izi padali azingokhala m'dera Kypchaks magawo awiri makonzedwe: kum'mawa ndi kumadzulo. Malire pakati pawo lagona pa Volga (Cumans kuti "Itil").

kapangidwe Public

Kipchak anthu anali Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira ndi chikhalidwe wosiyana. Chuma chachikulu, mutsimikizira bwino, anali ng'ombe ndi mahatchi. Ndi chiwerengero chawo m'banja ankaona chizindikiro cha malo munthu mu wapamwamba. Part wa ziweto anali mu umwini limodzi. nyama amenewa amalembedwa tamgas (ndi kulemba wapadera). Malo odyetserako ziweto komanso pachikhalidwe a apamwamba.

Ambiri Kipchak inkakhala abusa wamba ndi anthu. Amaonedwa free, koma nthawi zapita amatetezedwa ndi anansi wamphamvu kwambiri. Imfa ya ng'ombe zawo munthu akumanidwa mwayi amasamukira ndi kukhala yatukom - anakakhala anthu. Kwambiri sangathandize anthu Polovtsian akapolo. Kypchak Khanate, amene chuma makamaka zochokera ntchito yokakamiza, kuchuluka chiwerengero cha akapolo pa mtengo wa nkhondo.

Relations ndi Russia

Mu zoyambirira za XI m'ma anayamba Chirasha Polovtsian nkhondo. Oyendayenda sanayese kugonjetsa East Asilavo ukulu, koma anabwera ku mayiko ena chifukwa cha zawo ndi akapolo latsopano. Steppe anasankha katundu ndi ziweto ndi anawononga m'mayiko ulimi. kuukira ali mwadzidzidzi othamanga. Monga ulamuliro, ndi wongosamukasamuka nayo nthawi kutha kale kuwukira kwawo anabwera retinue a kalonga.

Nthawi zambiri amavutika dziko padziko Kiev, Ryazan Pereyaslavl ndi piglets ndi Siverschyna. Zinali pa mayiko awo olemera ndi mizinda zikhudze kuukira opanda chifundo Kypchak Khanate. 11 - chiyambi cha m'ma 13 - nthawi kusiyana zonse ndi squads Russian steppe. Chifukwa choopa kum'mwera, anthu ena anayesa kusuntha pafupi ndi nkhalango, umene kwambiri anakhudza Kusamuka kwa East Asilavo anthu mu Vladimir ukulu.

Chronicle cha kuwombera

Pamene Kypchak Khanate, amene gawo chawonjezeka kwambiri, anakumana ndi boma Russia, Asilavo, pa dzanja ena alowa nthawi ya mavuto chifukwa cha kugawikana ang'onoang'ono ndi nkhondo mkati internecine. Against mmene zinthu izi adakula chiopsezo wongosamukasamuka nthawi.

Woyamba aakulu kugonjetsedwa Polovtsy lotsogoleredwa ndi Khan Iskaliev anachititsa Pereyaslavl Prince Vsevolod Yaroslavich mu 1061. patatha zaka zisanu ndi asilikali anagonjetsa Russian steppe Mgwirizano atatu Rurik pa mtsinje Alta. Mu 1078 pa Nkhondo ya Nezhatina Field anafa Kiev Izyaslav Yaroslavich. mavuto onsewa adagwa Russia kukuchitika chifukwa choti kulephera kwa mafumu enieni kugwirizana pakati pawo kuti apindule.

Rurik chigonjetso

Kypchak akale khanate, dongosolo la ndale ndi ubwenzi achilendo amene amafanana chitsanzo cha gulu, kwa nthawi yaitali bwinobwino mantha anthu m'dziko la Russia. Komabe, kugonjetsedwa kwa a kummawa Asilavo sanathe mpaka kalekale. Kutchula wozungulira latsopano la kulimbana ndi Polovtsy anali Vladimir Monomakh.

Mu 1096 Kalonga anagonjetsa Kipchak pa Trubezh mtsinje. Pankhondo anapha mtsogoleri Tugorkan wongosamukasamuka. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti anayambitsa Kypchak Khanate, ndi kwa ena osadziwika mbiri yakale. Data anali anthu olamulira okha amene analengezeratu nkhondo mphamvu oyandikana kapena alumikizane nawo mu zilumikizano za mgwirizano wa mayiko. Tugorkan Khan anali mmodzi wa iwo.

oopsa m'dera

Chifukwa cha zinafuna wa squads Asilavo anaima patsogolo amene kwa zaka anapitiriza Kypchak Khanate. Mwachidule, chuma Polovtsian kosakwanira chinachake kugwedeza ulamuliro wa Russia. Rurik anayesetsa kuthana ndi amaopa kudzera aliwonse. Akalonga bungwe malinga malire ndipo anawaika mtendere anakakhala Turkey - zotulutsira wakuda. Iwo ankakhala kum'mwera kwa dziko Kiev, ndi nthawi yaitali anali ngati chishango cha Russia.

Vladimir Monomakh anagonjetsa woyamba osati Kipchak, komanso anafuna kukhazikitsa ndi tiponye steppe wosatha. nkhondo yake mu 1111, zomwe chikugwirizana ndi zina Rurik, unapangidwa bungwe pa Mwachitsanzo pa Mtanda, zimene Ankhondo kumadzulo wrested Yerusalemu Asilamu. M'tsogolo mchitidwe nkhondo tiponye chipululu chasandulika mwambo. Wotchuka kwambiri Russian folklore anali kampeni Seversky Prince Igorya Svyatoslavovicha, zochitika zomwe anapanga maziko a "Lay".

Cumans ndi Byzantines

Russia sanali yekhayo Ulaya amene analankhulana Kypchak Khanate. Chidule ubale steppe ndi Ufumu wa Byzantine amadziwika m'masiku akale Greek. Mu 1091 Cumans adalowa mgwirizano mwachidule ndi Russian kalonga Vasilko Rostislavichem. Cholinga cha Mgwirizano anali kugonjetsedwa kwa wongosamukasamuka ena - Pechenegs. M'zaka za m'ma XI iwo anatulutsidwa ndi Polovtsy steppes kwa Nyanja Black ndipo tsopano Vuto malire a Ufumu wa Byzantium.

Sanafune kulekerera pamaso pa khamu pa malire ake, Agiriki adalowa mgwirizano ndi cornflowers ndi Kipchak. Mu 1091 asilikali awo zimagwira lotsogoledwa ndi Mfumu Aleksey Ine Komnin, asilikali a Pechenegs pa Nkhondo ya Leburne. Komabe, ubwenzi ndi Polovtsy sunayambe Agiriki. Kale mu 1092 ndi khanate anathandiza wonyenga ndi wonamizira mphamvu mu Constantinople Lzhediogena. Cumans atalanda ufumu. Byzantines anagonjetsa alendo sanatiitane mu 1095, kenako iwo anali kuyesa kwa nthawi yaitali sanagwiritse steppe kwawo.

The ogwirizana a Bulgarians

Ngati Agiriki anali pa nkhondo Kipchak, ndi Bulgarians kuyambira Balkans pafupifupi nthawi zonse zogwirizana mgwirizano. Kwa nthawi yoyamba mitundu iwiri kumenyana kumbali imodzi mu 1186. Ngakhale Bulgarians anawoloka Danube ndi kuteteza mfumu Isaac II Angelos mulembe kupanduka kwa muno awo Balkans. Mu msonkhano Asilavo mwachangu anathandiza gulu Polovtsian. Zinali kuukira awo wotchera mantha Agiriki si amakonda nkhondo ndi mdani zimenezi.

Mu 1187 - 1280 zaka. akulamulira mafumu ku Bulgaria anali Asen. Ndi ubale wawo ndi Kipchak anali chitsanzo cha mgwirizano amphamvu. Mwachitsanzo, pa chiyambi cha XIII m'ma Tsar Kaloyan ndi okhala steppe kuposa kamodzi kusokonezedwa lake likhale mnansi Chihangare mfumu Imre. Ndiyeno panali chochitika lothandiza kupanga - Western Knights analanda Constantinople ndi kuwononga Ufumu wa Byzantine, namanga awo pa mabwinja - Latin. Bulgarians posachedwa anadzakhala adani a Afulanki. Mu 1205, panali nkhondo wotchuka pa Adrianople, pamene asilikali Asilavo-Polovtsian anagonjetsa Latins. Akhristu zowawa linagonja, ndipo awo Mfumu Baldwin ngakhale analandidwa. A mbali yofunika kwambiri chigonjetso ankaimba kuuluka apakavalo Kipchak.

Kugonjetsedwa ndi asilikaliwa

Kaya kupambana Polovtsian yowala kumadzulo, zinafota motsutsa likhale kuopseza choopsa omwe anali kubwerera ku Europe kuchokera kummawa. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XIII ufumu wake anayamba kumanga asilikaliwa. Choyamba anagonjetsa China, ndipo kenako anasamukira ku kumadzulo. Mosavuta anagonjetsa Central Asia, anagonjetsa anayamba kupondereza Polovtsy ndi mitundu yoyandikana nayo.

Ku Ulaya, woyamba kugwa zikuphedwa Alans. Kypchaki anakana kuwathandiza. Pamenepo awo. Pamene zinadziwika kuti mliri Mongol simungathe kuzipewa, ndi khans Polovtsian akatulukire kwa akalonga Russian. Rurik ambiri kwenikweni anayankha. Mu 1223 limodzi Chirasha Polovtsian asilikali anakumana ku Mongolia pa Nkhondo ya ku Kalka Mtsinje. Iwo anavutika linagonja. Patatha zaka 15, ku Mongolia anabwerera kukhazikitsa goli lake pa Eastern Europe. Mu 1240, ntchentche. Kypchanskoe Khanate potsiriza kuwonongedwa. Cumans monga anthu ndi nthawi wapita, mbisoweka pakati pa mitundu ina ya Great steppe.