Lamulo lachitatu losatchulidwa ndilo lamulo lofunikira

Malamulo ofunika kwambiri angagwirizane ndi mfundo ndi malamulo omwe amagwira ntchito m'chilengedwe. Komabe, iwo ali ndi zenizeni zawo, makamaka chifukwa chakuti sagwira ntchito m'dzikoli, koma mu ndege ya kuganiza kwaumunthu. Koma, pambali ina, mfundo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamalingaliro zimasiyana ndi zikhalidwe zalamulo zomwe sungathe kuzichotsa. Iwo ali ndi cholinga ndipo amachita mopitirira ku chifuniro chathu. Zoonadi, wina sangatsutsane motsatira mfundo izi, koma zotsatirazi sizingakhale zomveka kwa wina aliyense.

Lamulo lovomerezeka ndizitsulo za sayansi, zonse zachilengedwe ndi zothandiza. Ngati mu moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku mungathe kukhala ndi malingaliro osagwirizana ndi malamulo omanga ndi kukonza malingaliro, mukhoza kulola mipata yeniyeni, kenaka muzochita zazikulu kapena zokambirana sizingaloledwe. Pakuti maziko a umboni uliwonse ndiwo maziko a chiweruzo chenicheni.

Kodi malamulowa ndi ati? Atatu mwa iwo anapezedwa m'masiku akale a Aristotle: ichi ndi mfundo yosagwirizana, lamulo la chidziwitso ndi lamulo lachitatu. Patatha zaka zana, Leibniz adapeza mfundo ina - chifukwa chokwanira. Malamulo onse atatu omwe ali ovomerezedwa ndi Aristotle, ali ophatikizana kwambiri. Ngati tavomereza kwa kanthawi kuti kugwirizana kwa malingaliro kulibe, ndiye, ngati nyumba yamakhadi, ena onse akugwera.

Lamulo lachitatu losatchulidwa likhoza kufotokozedwa mwachidule motere: "Tertium non datur" kapena "Chachitatu sichiperekedwa." Ngati tipereka ziganizo ziwiri zotsutsana ndi chinthu chomwecho (kapena mndandanda wa zinthu kapena zozizwitsa), ndiye chiweruzo chimodzi chidzagwirizana ndi choonadi, ndipo chinacho sichingathe. Pakati pa mawuwa sikutheka kumanga kachigawo kenanso kokha kamene kamagwirizanitsa zazikulu ziwiri kapena kukhala ngati mlatho wogwirizana pakati pawo. Chitsanzo chophweka chachitatu chopatulapo: "Ichi ndi choyera" ndipo "Ichi ndi choyera." Koma zimagwira ntchito pomwe ziganizo ziwirizo zanenedwa pa chinthu chomwecho, nthawi yomwe ilipo komanso maganizo omwewo.

Lamulo lachitatu losagwiritsidwanso ntchito likugwiranso ntchito pamene pali kutsutsana kapena kutsutsana ndi chiweruzo pakati pa ziganizo A ndi B. Yoyamba ndi ndondomeko ya zosiyana. Mwachitsanzo, chiweruzo "Dziko lapansi likuzungulira dzuwa" ndi "Dzuŵa limayang'ana padziko lonse lapansi". Kutsutsana kumatsutsana pamene ndime A imanena, ndipo B akukana chinachake: "Moto umatentha" ndi "Moto sutentha." Komanso kutsutsana kumeneku kumabwera pakati pa zifukwa zapadera ndi zapadera, pamene wina ali ndi chitsimikizo, ndipo china ndi cholakwika: "Ophunzira ena ali kale ndi madipatimenti" ndipo "Palibe wophunzira ali ndi diploma".

Kuganiza, makamaka sayansi, zofunikira zapadera zimayikidwa patsogolo: kusagwirizana, kusasinthasintha kwa chitsimikizo. Lamulo lachitatu losagwiritsidwa ntchito ndilo lingaliro la choonadi chathu cholingalira. Mwachitsanzo, ngati tikunena kuti "Mulungu ndi wabwino," ndiye kuti "Mulungu apanga kuzunzika kwa ochimwa kosatha" ndibechabechabechabe. Ngati tikutsimikiza kuti Mulungu adalenga malo a kuzunzika kosatha kwa wina aliyense, ndiye kuti sitinganene kuti Iye ndi wabwino. Popeza kuti zizindikiro zosatsutsana sizingakhale za Mulungu monga momwe timaganizira, chimodzi mwa ziganizo ziwirizi ndi zoona, pamene chachiwiri ndi chonyenga. Chachitatu sichiperekedwa kuno.