Lev Landau: mwachidule mbiri, chopereka kwa sayansi

Lev Landau (zaka za moyo - 1908-1968) - lalikulu Soviet wasayansi, anabadwa mu Baku. Iye amakhala angapo kafukufuku chidwi ndi zachinyengo. Kodi inu funso, Lev Landau amene analandira Nobel Prize? M'nkhani ino tikambirana za zipambano ake ndi zenizeni mbiri.

Origin Lev Landau

Mukhoza kulankhula nthawi yaitali pa za ophunzira monga Lev Landau. Zaka moyo, utakhala ndi kukwaniritsa sayansi imeneyi - onse owerenga Ndithu chidwi. Tiyeni tiyambe kuyambira pachiyambi - kuchokera magwero a sayansi m'tsogolo.

Iye anabadwa mu banja la Chikondi ndi David Landau. Bambo ake anali amamudziwa mafuta injiniya. Iye anagwira ntchito m'minda mafuta. Monga mayi, ndi ntchito, iye anali dokotala. Amadziwika kuti mkazi uyu anagwira maphunziro zokhudza thupi. Monga mukuonera, Lev Landau anachokera banja ophunzira. mlongo wake wamkulu, mwa njira, wakhala injiniya mankhwala.

zaka kuphunzira

Lev Davidovich pa sukulu, amene kwakukuru maphunziro pa zaka 13. makolo ake anaganiza kuti mwana wawo adakali wamng'ono kwambiri kuphunzira pa bungwe maphunziro apamwamba. Choncho anaganiza kuti amutume kwa chaka chimodzi Baku Economic School zaumisiri. Kenako mu 1922, iye anavomereza kuti University of Baku. Apa Lev Landau anaphunzira umagwirira ndi sayansi. Patapita zaka ziwiri, Lev Davidovich kunditumiza ku yunivesite ya Leningrad, pa Dipatimenti ya Physics.

Woyamba ntchito ya sayansi, kuphunzira kumadera osiyanasiyana akamaliza maphunziro

Pa zaka naintini Landau kale kukhala woyambitsa mapepala anayi sayansi amene afalitsidwa. Mu umodzi wa mapepala anthu otchedwa masanjidwewo kachulukidwe anali ntchito kwa nthawi yoyamba. Mawu amenewa masiku ano ankagwiritsa ntchito. Iwo akufotokozedwa ndi mayiko mphamvu kwadzidzidzi. Landau maphunziro University mu 1927. Kenako sukulu maphunziro ndi Leningrad Institute Physico-zaumisiri. Sukuluyi, anagwira electrodynamics kwadzidzidzi ndi chiphunzitso chakuti elekitironi maginito.

ulendo malonda

Mu nthawi kuchokera 1929 mpaka 1931 anali ndi ntchito sayansi Lev Landau. Zaka moyo, utakhala ndi kukwaniritsa wasayansi ndi zogwirizana mgwirizano wolimba ndi Anzawo yachilendo. Choncho, pa ulendo, anapita ku Switzerland, Germany, ndi Netherlands, England ndi Denmark. M'zaka zimenezi anakumana ndi kucheza ndi oyambitsa okonzera kwadzidzidzi, amene anali chabe anaonekera. Pakati pa asayansi, amene anakomana Landau, anali Wolfgang Pauli, Werner Heisenberg ndi Niels Bohr. Pitani asamathe Lev Davidovich anali paubwenzi kwa moyo wake wonse. wasayansi Izi makamaka kwambiri ndi Landau.

Lev Davidovich, pamene kunja ikuchitika kafukufuku zofunika ufulu ma elekitironi (katundu wawo maginito). Komanso, pamodzi ndi Peierls ankachititsa kafukufuku ndi relativistic kwadzidzidzi zimango. Chifukwa ntchito imeneyi Lev Landau, ntchito yogwiritsa kuti chidwi anzake yachilendo, anali ngati mmodzi wa ŵa sayansi ongolankhula. Asayansi aphunzira mmene angachitire ndi kachitidwe lodabwitsa ongolankhula. Tikumbukenso kuti mtsogolo ndi luso ndi chothandiza kwambiri pamene Landau anayamba kufufuza pa otsika kutentha sayansi.

Kusamukira ku Kharkov

Lev Davidovich mu 1931 anabwerera ku Leningrad. Komabe, posakhalitsa anaganiza kuti asamukire ku Kharkov, komwe panthawiyo unali likulu la Ukraine. Apa, wasayansi ntchito pa Chiyukireniya Institute Physico-zaumisiri, anali mtsogoleri wa dipatimenti wake ongolankhula. Imodzi Lev Davidovich anali mtsogoleri wa dipatimenti ya Physics ongolankhula pa University of Kharkov ndi Institute of Mawotchi Engineering Kharkov. Mu 1934, USSR Academy of Sciences kupereka iye mlingo wa Doctor wa thupi ndi masamu Sciences. Kuti tichite zimenezi, Landau sanasowe ngakhale kuteteza zolemba pamaphunziro ake. Mutu wa pulofesa anali kupereka chaka chotsatira akatswiri monga Lev Landau.

Occupation kufika madera onse atsopano a sayansi. Landau ku Kharkov zafalitsa ntchito pa nkhani monga kupezeka kwa phokoso, magwero a mphamvu Nyenyezi, pa kubalalika wa kuwala, mphamvu kutengerapo kunachitika mwansanga, superconductivity, katundu maginito zinthu zosiyanasiyana ndi ena. Chifukwa ichi, iye anatchedwa theorist, ali ndi modabwitsa mosalekeza zinthu sayansi.

Chinthu chapadera ntchito Landau a

Kenako, pamene panali madzi sayansi, Landau zoyenera particles zimavuta electrically, inandithandiza kwambiri. Pobwereka ku mfundo yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe ena wasayansi wapanga njira zosiyanasiyana nzeru kachitidwe otsika kutentha. Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti ntchito zonse Landau yodziwika ndi mbali imodzi yofunika - ndi katswiri pogwiritsa ntchito zida masamu kupeza njira zothetsera mavuto zovuta. Lev Landau anapanga zopereka kwambiri kuti chiphunzitso kwadzidzidzi komanso kuphunzira mogwirizana kwa chilengedwe ndi tinthu pulayimale.

Lev Landau sukulu

Osiyanasiyana kafukufuku wake alidi lonse. Iwo kuphimba pafupifupi m'madera onse akuluakulu a sayansi ongolankhula. Ndiyamika kupingasa uyu wa zofuna zake wasayansi anakopeka Kharkov ambiri asayansi luso achinyamata ndi ophunzira wamphatso. Mmodzi mwa iwo anali Lifshits Evgeniy Mihaylovich, yemwe anadzakhala m'Bungwe Lva Davidovicha ndi bwenzi lake lapamtima. sukulu wakula apo Lev Landau, Kharkiv anayamba malo otchuka sayansi ongolankhula mu USSR.

Wasayansi ankakhulupiriranso kuti sayansi ongolankhula ayenera bwinobwino wodziwa m'madera onse a sayansi. Kuti zimenezi zitheke, Lev Davidovich apanga mapulogalamu amphamvu kwambiri maphunziro. Iye anaitana pulogalamu "ongolankhula osachepera". Chiphatso amene akufuna kuchita nawo msonkhanowo, kutsogozedwa ndi iye, anayenera kukwaniritsa kwambiri. Wokwanira kuti mu zaka 30, ngakhale obwera ambiri, anthu 40 okha mayeso pa "ongolankhula osachepera". Komabe, anthu amene anachita izo, Lev Davidovich wopatsa anauza nthawi yawo ndi chidwi. Komanso, ndi ufulu wonse wosankha anapatsidwa kwa iwo posankha mutu kafukufuku.

Chirengedwe cha ongolankhula Inde Physics

Landau Lev Davidovich anakhalabe kugwirizana ndi antchito ake ndi ophunzira. Mwachikondi anaitana katswiri Dau. Pofuna kuwathandiza mu 1935, Lev Davidovich analenga Inde mwatsatanetsatane za sayansi ongolankhula. Inasindikizidwa molumikizana ndi Landau E. M. Lifshitsem ndipo anali ndi mndandanda wa mabuku. olemba zawo zili zosinthika ndi kubwereza kwa zina zaka 20. Zinatchuka chachikulu ubwino izi. Iwo akhala linamasuliridwa m'zinenero zambiri. Panopa mabuku awa malamulo amaonedwa zapamwamba. Mu 1962, kwa chilengedwe cha njira ndi Landau ndi Lifshitz analandira Lenin Prize.

Kugwira ntchito ndi Kapitsa

Lev Davidovich mu 1937 atamvera pempho Petra Kapitsy (chithunzi lake limaoneka kenako) ndipo anakhala mtsogoleri wa dipatimenti ya sayansi ongolankhula pa Institute matenda Moscow, kumene analengedwa pa nthawi imeneyo. Koma chaka chamawa wasayansi ndi anamangidwa. monyenga kuti iye anachita espionage mokomera Germany. Only chifukwa cha phukusi la Kapitza, amene panokha anapempha kuti boma la Russia, Lev Landau linatulutsidwa.

Pamene Landau anasamuka ku Kharkov kwa Moscow, Kapitsa chabe chinkhoswe mu zatsopano ndi helium madzi. Ngati kutentha akutsikira m'munsimu 4.2 K (kutentha mtheradi amayezedwa kelvins, ndipo kuchokera -273,18 ° C, i.e. ku mtheradi ziro), helium mpweya umakhala madzi. Mmenemonso umatchedwa helium-1. Ngati kutentha n'chozama kuti 2,17 K, limabwerera ku madzi, amatchedwa helium-2. Iwo ali chidwi kwambiri katundu. Helium-2 amatha mosavuta ikuyenda mwa mipata zazing'ono. Zikuoneka ngati kukhuthala ndi kwina kwathunthu. Mankhwala akwerera khoma chotengera, ngati yokoka sikumangotikhudza iye. Komanso, madutsidwe ake matenthedwe wamkulu kuposa madutsidwe matenthedwe zamkuwa ndi maulendo ambirimbiri. Kapitsa anatsimikiza otchedwa superfluid helium-2 madzi. Komabe, pamene kuyezetsa anapezeka kuti kukhuthala si ziro.

Asayansi amanena kuti khalidwe lodabwitsa chafotokozedwa ndi zotsatira za omwe ali m'dera si chakale sayansi chiphunzitso kwadzidzidzi. Zimenezi zimachitika zokha pa otsika kutentha. Kawirikawiri Sapita mu zolimba, kuyambira zinthu kwambiri amaundana pansi pa zikhalidwe izi. Kupatulapo ndi helium. mankhwala kwa ziro mtheradi amakhalabe madzi ngati si pansi kuthamanga. László Tisza mu 1938 godu adafotokoza kuti zoona madzi helium - chisakanizo cha mitundu iwiri: ndi helium-2 (superfluid) ndi helium-1 (madzi zachilendo). Pamene kutentha akutsikira ku pafupi ziro malire, chigawo choyamba amakhala lalikulu. kungoganizira ikufotokoza maonekedwe a kukhuthala osiyana mu zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana.

Landau anafotokoza chodabwitsa superfluidity

Lev Landau, kanthawi yonena kuti akufotokoza okha zikayenda waukulu, analephera kuufotokoza chodabwitsa superfluidity, ntchito zatsopano zida masamu. asayansi ena anadalira zimango kwadzidzidzi, ponena kuti tisanthule khalidwe la atomu payekha. Landau adaperekanso ndemanga boma kwadzidzidzi wa madzi ndi pafupi zofanana monga ngati anali wolimba. Iye anayika patsogolo pa amanena kuti pali zigawo malemeredwe awiri, kapena kuyenda. The woyamba - ndi phonons, amene amanena kuti munthu wabwinobwino rectilinear kafalitsidwe mafunde phokoso pa mfundo otsika mphamvu ndi patsogolo. Chachiwiri - rotons amene akufotokoza chisonyezo rotational. Yotsirizira ndi mawu zovuta zambiri za excitations zikuchitika pa mphamvu apamwamba patsogolo. Wasayansi kudziŵika kuti zochitika anati zingathe kufotokozedwa ndi roton ndi phonon zopereka ndi anzake awo.

Landau ankanena kuti helium madzi akhoza amatengedwa kuti "wamphamvu" chigawo chimodzi, amene ayambitsa mu superfluid "maziko". Nanga tingazifotokoze bwanji chakuti helium madzi chidzafa kudzera kusiyana yopapatiza? Wasayansi kudziŵika kuti yekha superfluid chigawo Pankhaniyi umayenda. A rotons phonons ndi adzawombana ndi makoma, kusunga iwo.

Kufunika kwa chiphunzitso Landau

Landau chiphunzitso, ndi zina kusintha izo ankaimba kwambiri pa sayansi. Iwo sali zosavuta kufotokoza zochitika, koma zochitika ataneneratu ena. Chitsanzo chimodzi - ndi kafalitsidwe mafunde awiri ndi katundu osiyana ndi amatchedwa phokoso yoyamba ndi yachiwiri. Phokoso woyamba ndi wamba phokoso mafunde, pamene lachiwiri funde matenthedwe. Chifukwa cha chiphunzitso mwakuchita Landau, asayansi anatha kupita patsogolo kwambiri Kumvetsa superconductivity.

Pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World ndi nthawi unawonongedwa

Lev Davidovich pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World anaphunzira mabomba ndi moto. Makamaka chidwi iye mafunde mantha. Pambuyo May 1945 mpaka 1962 wasayansi ntchito pa ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Makamaka iye ankafufuza osowa helium isotope kukhala ndi kulemera atomiki 3 (zambiri misa 4). Lev Davidovich ananeneratu kuti kuli isotope izi kwa mtundu watsopano wa yoweyula kafalitsidwe. The "ziro phokoso" - choncho dzina Lev Davidovich Landau. yonena wake ikusonyezedwa, kuwonjezera, nawo chilengedwe cha bomba la atomiki kuti Soviet Union.

Kuwonongeka, ndi Nobel Prize ndi zaka zomalizira za moyo wake

Ndili ndi zaka 53 ali mu ngozi ya galimoto chifukwa chimene analandira anavulala kwambiri. A madokotala ambiri ku Soviet Union, France, Canada, Czechoslovakia, anamenyera moyo wa yasayansi. Anakhalabe chikomokere masabata 6. Miyezi itatu pambuyo pa ngozi ya galimoto Ine sanamuzindikire ngakhale pafupi Lev Landau. The Prize Nobel anali kupereka kwa iye mu 1962. Komabe, chifukwa cha matenda sanathe kupita ku Stockholm kuulandira. Mu chithunzi m'munsimu inu mukhoza kuwona Landau ndi mkazi wake kuchipatala.

mphotoyo amaitcha kuti wasayansi mu Moscow. Kenako Lev Davidovich anakhala zaka 6, koma kubwerera kufufuza izo ndipo sadathe. Lev Landau anafa Moscow chifukwa cha matenda anavulazidwa.

Landau banja

Scientist mu 1937 anakwatira Drobantsevoy Concordia, ntchito zomangamanga m'munda wa adzasowa chakudya. Mkazi uyu anali mbadwa ya Kharkov. Zaka moyo wake - 1908-1984. Banja ndi mwana wamwamuna, amene anadzakhala wasayansi komanso ndi ntchito mu Institute for mavuto. Mu chithunzi m'munsimu limatchula Landau ndi mwana wake.

Izi zonse zimene za ophunzira monga Lev Landau. mbiri yake, ndithudi, zikuphatikizapo yekha mfundo zazikulu. Nthanthi zimene analenga zovuta kwambiri kwa wowerenga osakonzekera. Choncho, m'nkhani ino yochepa analankhula za mmene kupanga wotchuka Lev Landau. Wambiri ndi zina zomwe a asayansi ndi chidwi kwambiri padziko lonse.