Lev Semenovich Pontryagin, Soviet masamu: yonena, ntchito ya sayansi

Tsoka la masamu ichi chinali chovuta ndi chidwi kwambiri. Pa zaka 13, wasayansi tsogolo anaiwala wake. Izi sizinamulepheretse kutulukira zinthu zingapo zofunika mu masamu. Lev Semenovich Pontryagin anali kupereka State Prize la USSR, komanso mphoto zina zambiri. Robert padziko lonse amadziwa.

Origin Pontrjagin

Lev Semenovich Pontryagin (1908-1988) anabadwa pa August 21, 1908 mu Moscow, mu banja wantchito, akauntanti ndi ntchito. Mu 1916, wasayansi tsogolo analandira sekondale. Lev Semenovich Pontryagin anayamba kumvetsa ndizosowa Sciences mochedwa chifukwa chakuti banja lake anali osauka. Sanathe kupereka maphunziro a zolimbitsa thupi Leo (bambo wake anali asonkhanitsidwa mu msilikali wamba asilikali).

Maphunziro kusukulu, imfa ya masomphenya

Lev Semenovich Pontryagin mu 1917 anasamukira naini chaka sekondale, pamene okwana kwa onse. Masiku amenewo, kusankha ntchito sanafune. Tsogolo wasayansi analibe lokonza wapadera kwa masamu. Pamene iye anali ndi zaka 13, mu nyumba yake panali kuphulika kwa mbaula palafini. Chifukwa cha ngoziyi linasiiratu kupenya kwake Lev Semenovich Pontryagin. ubwana wake, mwinamwake, sizinali zophweka zitachitika. mayi ake, Tatiana Andreevna (anakakhala zovala a), anakhala mlembi wa mwana wake kwa zaka zambiri. Lev Semenovich Pontryagin mu kalasi lachisanu ndi chinayi, anachita chidwi mu masamu. Monga gwero la nkhani anagwiritsa ntchito zakuti otanthauzira Buku. Zinali ndiye kuti wasayansi tsogolo anaganiza kuti digiri mu masamu. Ngakhale kugwirizana ndi imfa ya masomphenya, iye anatha kugwiritsa dongosolo lake.

Maphunziro pa University of

Pontryagin analowa Moscow University State, ndi Physics ndi Masamu luso (zapaderazi - "masamu choyera"). Anamaliza mu 1929. Ndiye Lev Semenovich anapitiriza maphunziro ake ku sukulu maphunziro, kulembetsa mu ntchito pa University Moscow State Institute of Masamu ndi Zimango. Maphunziro kusukulu anamaliza mu 1931. Mphunzitsi Vygotsky anakhala P. S. Aleksandrov. Pontryagin zaka zambiri anali pansi chithumwa wake kwambiri.

ntchito sayansi

Lev Semenovich mu nthawi kuchokera 1930 mpaka 1932 anali pulofesa wothandizira wa ajebura, komanso wantchito wa Institute of Masamu ndi Zimango. Mu 1932-1933. anali membala ndi ayipanga pa MSU oscillations Laboratory (amatanthauza Institute of Physics). Masamu kuchokera 1934 mpaka mapeto a moyo wake anaphunzitsa pa Moscow State University. Mu 1934, Zekariya anali kugwira pulofesa ndipo 1935-1938 - Professor Makina ndi Masamu luso. Mu 1970-1988 gg. Pontryagin anali kuyang'anira mmodzi wa mabungwe a mphamvu ya zowerengera Masamu ndi Cybernetics. Mu 1935, popanda kuteteza ndi nkhani yolembedwa, anali kupereka mlingo wa Doctor wa thupi ndi masamu Sciences. Mu chaka chomwecho, Pontryagin analandira udindo wa pulofesa.

Kuyambira 1934 mpaka imfa yake Lev Semenovich ntchito pa Steklov masamu Institute. Mu nthawi kuchokera 1934 mpaka 1939 anali mkulu kafukufuku anzake pano. zaka makumi awiri (1939-1959 gg.) Pontryagin anatumikira monga mutu wa dipatimenti ya Masamu ndi mtunda. Popeza 1972, masamu ndi ntchito mu VINITI, kumene chiwerengero cha kafukufuku mkulu mpaka 1988. Lev Semenovich anali membala wa "Masamu" wa gulu mkonzi kuchokera m'chaka cha 1974 kufika mu 1980.

Pontryagin zikayenda

Malo opatsa chidwi ndi kufufuza Pontryagin a topological ajebura ndi mtunda, chiphunzitso kulamulira ndi chiphunzitso cha maikwezhoni masiyanidwe. Mu 1932, Lev Semenovich osauka akufuna ndi Alexander malamulo duality, malamulo watsimikizira kuti Euclidean danga zikugwirizana gulu Betty anatseka njanjira anakhala ndi umasinthasintha anatseka magulu Betty wowonjezera akonzedwa. Pontryagin kuthetsedwa vuto la kuwerengetsa magulu Betti.

Lev Semenovich ndi mlengi wa ajebura topological. zikayenda Aika ndi kwanuko yaying'ono commutative magulu yaying'ono. Asayansi aphunzira zambiri dongosolo lawo, komanso anakonza kusanthula amgwirizano. Imodzi ndi kafukufuku duality topological ndi chiphunzitso cha anthu otchulidwa Pontryagin ikuchitika awiri mndandanda wa ntchito - chiphunzitso homotopy ndi chiphunzitso cha gawo. Asayansi asonyeza (osayang'ana Nöbeling, German masamu ndi imodzi ndi) kudziwika Lingaliro Lovomerezeka kuti N-azithunzi omwe tikunena yaying'ono ndi kulemekeza akonzedwa, chimene chili Euclidean (2n + 1) -dimensional akonzedwa ndi homeomorphic iliyonse.

Kuyambira 1935 mpaka 1940, wasayansi analemba mndandanda wa mapepala chiphunzitso cha mankhwala skew ndi chiphunzitso homotopy. Pontryagin anapeza kugwirizana pakati pa ntchito zoyenera kusalaza manifolds ndi mavuto homotopy. Iye anapeza makalasi khalidwe L. S. Pontryagina, amene invariants wa manifolds yosalala.

Iwo amagwira ntchito pa chiphunzitso cha maikwezhoni masiyanidwe ndi masewera

Lev Semenovich kuyambira 1950s, anachita chidwi mchiphunzitso cha maikwezhoni masiyanidwe. Iye anachita m'zinthu awiri ntchito malowa. The oyamba - ndi perturbations mmodzi, ndipo lachiwiri ndi zokhudzana ndi chiphunzitso cha njira mulingo woyenera mu masamu. Kuti Lev Semenovich ankaona mlengi wa chiphunzitso. Bukuli lili ndi pazipita mfundo L. S. Pontryagina. Kupezeka wake anali zotsatira lapadera kwambiri kuphunzira njira mulingo woyenera. Tili ndi chidwi chofuna wasayansi analandira zotsatira lofunika kwambiri m'madera monga chiphunzitso cha masiyanidwe masewera. Iwo adzipangira chopereka kwambiri pa ganizo la ulamuliro mulingo woyenera.

Kuzindikila

Okwana wasayansi analemba za zana zitatu zokhudza sayansi. Mothandizidwa ndi chiphunzitso, amene analengedwa ndi Lev Semenovich, asayansi kupeza kopindulitsa kwambiri dera magetsi, kudziwa kugwira ntchito bwino mafuta pulogalamu, ndi zina zotero. D.

Lev Semenovich nyota akhoza siudzafunsidwa. Iwo anazindikira osati Russia komanso dziko la sayansi ammudzi. Maphunziro kukakhala nawo pa misonkhano yapamwamba, iye anapatsidwa mphoto zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo USSR State Prize, ndi mphoto zambiri zazitali. Kwa kanthawi Pontryagin anali mmodzi wa atsogoleri a mayiko masamu Union, yeniyeni, yake wotsatila mutsogoleli wadziko.

ntchito panja

Tikumbukenso kuti Lev Semenovich nthawizonse ndakhumba nawo moyo pagulu. Iye anali masamu, komanso akhungu, kotero iye akanakhoza mosavuta kuzemba zinthu zosangalatsa. Makamaka atazindikira osadziteteza. Komabe, Lev Semenovich anaona ngozi. Iye zambiri kukangana ndipo anasonyeza mokweza zimene iye ankaganiza zinali zolondola. Komabe, iye alibe tsankhu pakati pa maudindo ndi magulumagulu. Lev Semenovich nthawi zonse anafuna omasukirana wathunthu kumva ubale wa pakati pa anzake. Mu ntchito yake, iye anatsatira kulamulira kwa chikumbumtima, nthawi zambiri kunyalanyaza maganizo abodza a subordination aka ndi mu dziko maphunziro, komanso zinthu amapeza. Wasayansi ankaona kuti ndi udindo wake kanthu zochitika chikhalidwe kwambiri boma, kuyambira kusintha kwa maphunziro kusukulu, kutsiriza ntchito kutembenuza mitsinje Siberia.

Nkhondo, amene anali nawo Pontryagin

Mogwirizana ndi pamwamba, n'zosadabwitsa kuti masamu Lev Semenovich Pontryagin anali adani ambiri, amene anatenga mwayi kukhala mwachiwawa kuukira Academician. Kulimbikitsa a kayendedwe Zionist, umene unachitika mu 1967, pambuyo Arab Israel nkhondo, chinali chifukwa yomweyo kuukira. USSR Pamilunguyo udindo yogwira kapitawo. Pontryagin wakhala mdani yaikulu ya Zionists, amene kwambiri kuti mu United States ndi mayiko ena a Azungu.

Mwa madera a polimbana Soviet Union kunali kulimbana ndi sayansi ya USSR, monga amadziwika, chiwerengero cha Ayuda wakhala pang'ono kuposa chiwerengero cha anthu oimira mitundu ina. Vutoli likukulirakulira chifukwa chakuti boma Soviet chinalepheretsa emigration ogwira ntchito ku sayansi amene wogwidwa zachinsinsi. Pa mtima wa mkangano wa Soviet Union ndi Zionists mu 1970 mosayembekezeka Pontryagin.

Kuiwala ndi konzanso

Nthawi itakwana, Lev Semenovich anali chithunzi yabwino kwambiri chifukwa malo amene akutsogolera odana Semite mwa masamu a dziko lathu. Mu maganizo a anthu pa nthawi, panali stereotype wa maganizo odana ndi Ayuda Pontryagin. Izi anapangitsa yosiya ntchito ya sayansi monga Pulezidenti wa bungwe la masamu. wopambana Lenin Prize watha kulandira oitanira nawo misonkhano, ndipo dzina lake anayesa osanenapo n'zotheka, ngakhale nkhani ya zikayenda yaikulu. Pambuyo 1991, stereotype kugwirizana ndi Kuda academician, zachilendo kwambiri Russia. Only zaposachedwapa, chifukwa cha khama la asayansi ambiri, Lev Semenovich chithunzi anali asintha khalidwe lawo.

Buku la zokumbukira

Academician wa USSR Academy of L. S. Pontryagin analemba bukhu chidwi kwambiri a Maulendo, umene n'zotheka kudziwa tsatanetsatane wa mbiri ya masamu mu USSR theka lachiwiri la zana la 20. Buku limeneli ziwerengero asayansi ambiri aluso - Kolmogorov, Alexandrov, Luzin ndi ena. Ndi kwambiri ndithu mavumbulutso wolimba ndi mafotokozedwe m'malo zovuta munthu moyo wa Lev Semenovich. Komanso, wasayansi limatiuza kuti iye twangwi ya mbali ya maganizo awo sayansi. Scientist analemba za mmene angachitire ndi "kukumbukira" ntchito yovuta kwambiri mosagwiritsa ntchito renderer iliyonse. Koma ambiri Chofunika, mwina - ndi kuti chokumbukira sayansi ya pasa ife tonsene chitsanzo cha umoyo wautali kwambiri ndi khama, chuma losatha la ubongo wa munthu, ife ntchito kokha mmene negligible.

The sukulu sayansi Vygotsky

Tsoka kuika mayeso chovuta mu moyo Pontryagin - anataya pamaso pake. Komabe, sanaleke wasayansi maphunziro apamwamba, kenako moyo wanga wonse bwinobwino kuchita masamu. Mu sayansi, adakwaniritsa mwaife kupambana kwakukulu. zilandiridwenso onse Lev Semenovich chinachititsa kuti a masamu m'dziko lathu ndi kuzungulira dziko. Iye ndi woyambitsa wa sukulu ya sayansi, zomwe zinakhudza kwambiri chitukuko cha chiphunzitso kulamulira kakyulasi kusiyanasiyana. Mu terminology masamu, pali mawu ambiri, wodziwika ndi dzina la wasayansi - lamulo Pontryagin Pontryagin pamwamba malo Pontryagin neri Al.

Lev Semenovich anali mphunzitsi waluso. Ophunzira ananena kuti nkhani zake molondola kwambiri ulaliki kumva. makhalidwe amenewa anaika ambiri wasayansi ophunzira ake.

Mu Moscow, May 3, 1988, anafa Pontryagin Lev Semenovich. yonena wake ndi lero Mzimu asayansi ambiri, komanso kutali ndi amuna a sayansi.