Dialectics nthanthi: chofunika kwambiri

The sayansi zovuta anati nzeru, pali osiyana njira cognition ndi kuphunzira, komanso ambiri zongoganizira. Mmodzi wa ambiri ndi chiphunzitso cha dialectics, kapena, malinga ndi tanthauzo sayansi, chiphunzitso cha chitukuko cha zinthu zonse dziko ndi njira nthanthi ofotokoza. Mothandizidwa ndi dialectics asayansi theoretically kuphunzira mbali zosiyanasiyana za chowonadi (kanthu, mzimu, ndi chikumbumtima ndipo cognition), komanso chitukuko. The dialectic nzeru za limasonyeza chinyezimiro cha zotere mwini (dialectical) malamulo, magulu ake ndi mfundo - monga kuyenera metaphysics, amene amafufuza ndi item makamaka pa nthawi inayake ndi khalidwe linalake.

Akatswiri kuona kuti n'zotheka zopanga vuto zoyambirira za chiphunzitso motere: "chitukuko ndi chiyani?". Dialectics ndi udindo - chitukuko amatchedwa chimodzi mwa zizindikiro zofunika kwambiri pa nkhaniyi ndi katundu wake wamba. Komanso, ndipo izi ndi zofunika kwambiri, tili mu malingaliro chitukuko cha mawotchi osati (kuwonjezeka kukula), komanso wanzeru, kutanthauza kulanda kanthu pa mlingo wotsatira wa bungwe. Dialectics nthanthi kumafunanso chitukuko monga ngati gulu, koma anawauza mosapita - chitukuko sizingatheke popanda gulu limeneli. The dialectics ukugwira ntchito mogwirizana ndi nambala ya malamulo, ndiye cholinga zina, kwa munthu ndi chifuniro chake kukhala pawokha, kutsanzira kugwirizana pakati pa anthu onse m'kati mwa mabungwe amenewa. Malamulo amenewa ndi ofanana, zofunika ndi khola, kuphimba m'madera onse a chowonadi ndi kuwulula maziko a ubwenzi kuyenda ndi chitukuko ntchito yawo tatikulu. Koma metaphysics, chitukuko (ndi malamulo ake), icho sichiri mwa njira iliyonse bwanji.

Dialectics nthanthi chimatsogoleredwa makamaka mwa lamulo la mgwirizano ndi kulimba kwa zotsutsana, amene tanthauzo kwagona kumumvera onse kuti kuli umodzi zotsutsana, omwe amakhala ku nthawi zonse. Chitsanzo chochititsa chidwi kwambiri pa lamulo dialectical kanthu ndi usana ndi usiku, achinyamata ndi ukalamba, dzinja ndi chilimwe, ndipo ndi mgwirizano osati ndi kulimbana mwa mfundo zimenezi, koma mkati zawo zonse kuyenda ndi chitukuko. Lamulo lachiwiri dialectics - kusintha kusintha Mkhalidwe kusintha kachulukidwe. Choyamba, tisaiwale kuti mfundo za khalidwe zikutanthauza machitidwe khola limasonyeza zina ndi makhalidwe chinthu, pamene angapo - ndi magawo enieni chinthu monga kukula kwake ndi kulemera, kukula ndi buku. Mosiyana metaphysics, dialectics nthanthi amanena kuti kwenikweni pali kuthekera kwa kusintha khalidwe mu kusintha kachulukidwe. Chitsanzo cha chilamulo ichi ndi Kutentha kwa madzi pamene kukula magawo kachulukidwe (kutentha) pang'onopang'ono kukhala ndi kusintha magawo khalidwe madzi (adzakhala otentha). Pankhani lamulo la negation wa negation, zomwenso umenewu chagona mu tanthauzo losavuta: chilichonse chatsopano chimene chimabwera mu malo akale, zaka wokanayo izi, koma pang'onopang'ono nkhani kukana kudzikonda ngakhale atsopano. Zitsanzo a chilamulo ichi - kusintha kwa mibadwo, ndondomeko tsiku la lifotabe maselo thupi la mapangidwe atsopano.

Asayansi ena amakhulupirira kuti dialectic ndi mbali yofunika, ozikidwa pa kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya nzeru. mfundo zikuluzikulu - mfundo za chilengedwe kulankhulana, kugwirizana ndi causality, komanso mfundo za historicism. Ku mawonedwe kwa dialectic ndi nzeru za kulankhulana chilengedwe - ndi kukhulupirika kwa dziko, mgwirizano wa mumtima komanso interconnectedness. Komanso, m'pofunika kudalirana kwa zigawo zonse za dziko ndi zenizeni, ndiko kuti, zinthu zonse, zochitika ndi njira. Ngati ife kulankhula za zifukwa, katundu ndi nzeru zonse, kokha chifukwa dialectic ndi maulalo, yunifolomu kudutsa wina ndi mzake, kumene munthu amalenga osiyana ndi wowonjezera. Mwina kudziŵika kuti dialectic ndi metaphysics nthanthi ndi amachepetsa awiri a lina ndondomeko lalikulu kuphunzira.