Daniel Bernoulli: biography, chithunzi, chothandizira pa chitukuko cha lingaliro lokhoza

Zaka za zana la khumi ndi zitatu mphambu zisanu ndi zitatu - zaka za chidziwitso. M'magulu ambiri achidziwitso, mothandizidwa ndi malingaliro apamwamba, maziko opembedza a kuzindikira dziko lapansi asinthidwa ndi zenizeni zenizeni. Chinthu chapaderadera pazinthu izi ndi banja la Bernoulli, lomwe linapereka akatswiri ambiri apadziko lapansi asayansi. Mmodzi mwa mayina opambana kwambiri kuchokera ku mlalang'amba uwu ndi Daniel Bernoulli. Kuchuluka kwake kwa mphatso ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya sayansi, iye anali ofanana ndi asayansi aakulu a Chiyambi Chake. Chofunikira chachikulu cha iye ndi mamembala ena m'mibadwo yotsatira ndi kupereka katswiri wa masamu udindo wa chilengedwe chafukufuku m'magulu osiyanasiyana a sayansi - mufizikiki, chemistry, biology ndi ena ambiri.

Masamu monga bizinesi ya banja

Makolo a banja la Bernoulli anali ochokera ku Flanders, ochokera kudera la Southern Netherlands, lomwe kenako linakhala mbali ya Belgium. Ku Antwerp, kumene mmodzi wa makolo a banja lodziwika, Jacob, ankakhala, kuponderezedwa kwa Chipulotesitanti kunayamba, kuphatikizapo Bernoulli. Iwo anakakamizika kuchoka ku Germany koyamba, kenako ku Basel komwe adalandira ufulu wokhala nzika ya dziko la Switzerland. Mwana wa Yakobo - Nicholas, yemwe amadziwika ndi kholo, anali ndi ana 11. Iye adayambitsa maziko otchuka a masamu. Mmodzi mwa ana a Jakob - Johann - anaphunzitsa ku yunivesite ya Groningen. Mu mzinda wa Dutch uwu pa January 29, 1700, Daniel Bernoulli (1700-1782) anabadwa.

Pamene wamasayansi wamkulu anali ndi zaka zisanu, Johann Bernoulli ndi banja lake anabwerera ku Basel komwe adalandira pulofesa wa masamu. Atayamba kuchita maphunziro a Daniel, zinaonekeratu kuti adali ndi mphatso zochepa kuposa abale ake - Jacob ndi Nicholas Jr .. Koma Johann ankayembekezera Daniel kukhala wopindulitsa kwambiri - wamalonda kapena ntchito yachipatala, motero, polimbikira, ali ndi zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu, Daniel Bernoulli anayamba kuphunzira zamankhwala poyamba pa yunivesite ya Basel, kenako ku German Heidelberg.

Mankhwala ndi Masamu

Chidwi mu kuphunzira kwa kuyenda kwa madzi ndi malo odyetsera chinawonetsedwa mu Daniel, pamene anakhala wophunzira wa dokotala wodziwika wa Chingerezi William Harvey. Anamudziwa bwino ntchito yake pophunzira kuuluka kwa magazi m'thupi la munthu - Harvey ndiye woyamba kudziŵa magulu akuluakulu aang'ono ozungulira magazi.

Posakhalitsa Daniel Bernoulli anatetezera chiphunzitso chake ndipo anayesa kupeza malo ophunzitsa. Panthawiyo, kusankha maofesiwa nthawi zambiri kunkapangidwa ndi maere. Kuyesera kwa asayansi wamng'ono sanapambane, koma anakhala chifukwa cha chidwi chake pa masamu mbali ya lingaliro loti mwina.

Mu 1724 Daniel adasamukira ku Venice kuti apitirize kuphunzira mankhwala othandiza kuchokera kwa adokotala wotchuka Antonio Michelotti.

Danila Ivanovich

Ku Italy, adadwala kwambiri, koma anapitirizabe kufufuza kwake. Anayesa zofufuza zambiri kuti azipeza nthawi zonse momwe amachitira madzi akatha kuchoka mu chidebe ndikudutsamo timachubu zosiyana siyana. Ntchito imeneyi inamupangitsa kukhala ndi mphamvu mu munda watsopano wa fizikiya, yomwe anaitcha hydrodynamics.

Mu 1725, Daniel Bernoulli adalandira pempho lochokera kwa Mfumukazi ya ku Russia, Catherine I, kuti akakhale mkulu wa dipatimenti ya masamu ku Academy of Sciences St. Petersburg. Iye adawerenganso kuti adatengapo gawo, monga katswiri wodziwika bwino mu hydrodynamics, pakukhazikitsidwa kwa mathithi a Peterhof.

Katswiri wa sayansi ku Russia anakhalabe ndi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi atafika ku St. Petersburg, mchimwene wake Nikolai, yemwe adabwera naye, adamwalira ndi malungo. Ngakhale kuti anali ndi makhalidwe oipa kwambiri pamene ankakhala kudziko lachilendo, Daniel anapeza zinthu zogwiritsira ntchito sayansi yake yaikulu, Hydrodynamics, yofalitsidwa mu 1738. Iwo anapanga mfundo zazikulu za malamulo omwe amadziwika kuti zimakhala zotani mu zakumwa ndi mpweya, wotchedwa Bernoulli.

Kulakalaka nyumbayi kunapangitsa wasayansi kuti afunire udindo ku Basel, kumene Daniel Bernoulli anabwerera mu 1733. Mbiri yake yakhala ikugwirizanitsidwa ndi mzinda uno, kumene anakhala moyo wake mpaka imfa yake mu 1782.

Ubale ndi abambo

Pamene mu 1734 Daniel anapereka "Hydrodynamics" kwake ku mpikisano ku Paris Academy of Sciences, ndiye kuti mdani wake anali atate wake. Cholinga cha Academy chinali chosagwirizana, koma chinakwiya ndi kholo. Daniel Bernoulli ndi Johann Bernoulli adatchulidwa kuti ndi opambana, koma kupeza njira imodzi ndi mwanayo kunkawoneka kochititsa manyazi kwa pulofesa wakale.

Ubale wa Daniel ndi abambo ake unasweka, ngakhale kuti mwanayo anali ndi chikhumbo chowakhazikitsa. Atatulutsa "Hydrodynamics" ku Strasbourg mu 1738, adalembera dzina lake pamutu wakuti "mwana wa Johann". Koma wamkulu Bernoulli anali wosagwirizana. Patapita chaka, buku lake la Hydraulics linafalitsidwa. Iye adanena mwachindunji mu 1732 kuti asonyeze choyambirira chake.

Daniel Bernoulli ndi thandizo lake kuti apange chitukuko chotheka

Mu "Comments of the St. Petersburg Academy," Bernoulli anafalitsa pepala limene anaganiza kuti liwu loti ndi St. Petersburg. Anakhudzidwa ndi masewera omwe atchulidwa koyamba ndi mwana wa mphwake wa Daniel, Nikolai: pamene ndalamazo ziphatikizidwa, "mphungu" imene yagwetsedwa imabweretsa wothandizira ndalama ziwirizo. Kuwerengetsa masamu za mwayi wopambana kumapangitsa kuti phindu lopanda malire, koma kulingalira kumasonyeza kuti mphotho yothandizira masewerayo ikhale nayo yamtengo wapatali. Pothetsa chisokonezocho, Danieli amagwiritsira ntchito mmalo mwa chiyembekezero cha masamu chogonjetsa makhalidwe, komanso mgwirizano womwe ulipo pakati pa zowonjezera komanso zofunikira.

Phunziro lina lofunika la Bernoulli m'derali linakhudzana ndi ntchito yaikulu ya Daniel - ntchito yachipatala - komanso ndi magawo atsopano a sayansi, masamu komanso chiwerengero cholakwika. Iye adafalitsa pepala yokhudzana ndi katemera wa katemera.

The Heritage

Ntchito ya Daniel Bernoulli mu chiphunzitso cha kusiyana kosiyana imayamikiridwa kwambiri ndi "akatswiri" a masamu. Ndipo masamu yafilosofi ndi nthambi ya sayansi, kumene wasayansi amalingaliridwa kuti ndi mmodzi wa oyambitsa.

Katswiri weniweni wa sayansi ya zakuthambo, kuphatikizapo malamulo ofunika a hydrodynamics, Bernoulli analemberitsa chiphunzitso chamakono cha mpweya ndi chiphunzitso cha elasticity, kumene mndandanda wonse wa ntchito pa chingwe kuwomba ndi odzipereka. Makhalidwe a masiku ano amakhalanso okhudzana ndi kafukufuku woyamba wopangidwa ndi Daniel.

Paris, Berlin, Bologna, St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, London Royal Society - membala wa mabungwe amenewa ndi Daniel Bernoulli. Chithunzichi ndi chithunzi chake chikukongoletsa makoma a masayansi ambiri omwe amatchedwa dzina lake, kuphatikizapo labotale ku Institute of Mathematical Research of Complex Systems ku Moscow State University.