Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird: ndege ntchito

Lockheed SR-71 - mmodzi wa ndege wotchuka kazitape ndi imodzi imodzi zosadziwika kwambiri. "Blackbird" ndi brainchild wa wotchuka ndege mlengi Clarence Johnson, mutu wa Dipatimenti ya chitukuko kaonedwe (ADP) kampani Lockheed. Zokha mu mochedwa 50s, "Blackbird" ndipo lero akuwoneka futuristic, ndipo zimenezi ngakhale kuti sanalenge mothandizidwa ndi makompyuta mkulu-liwiro, monga pa bolodi ochiritsira zojambula.

kamangidwe

SR-71 Blackbird anamanga pa "tailless" ndi triangular ziwiri muyezo mapiko ndi mchira. Kapangidwe ka mwambo - ndi stringers, mafelemu nkhawa khungu. Mosamala "nanyambita" mitundu si aerodynamics yekha. "Chozemba ndege", analengedwa ndi luso chozemba akuti ndi kuyambitsa kwa khumi zapitazo, koma luso kukuchitika "Blackbird" ndiwo kamangidwe. contours anamaliza ndi pamalo yosalala mating kuchita ndege zochepa loonetsa kuti Rada.

Strategic supersonic kazitape ali pafupifupi palibe pamalo pomwepo. Kupatulapo - ndi keels mwachilungamo lalikulu, koma linapendekeka mkati, zimene zimachititsa madyaidya ndikuledzera awo m'dera ogwira. Komanso, mu dongosolo la kutsogolo ndi trailing m'mphepete ntchito zipangizo wailesi-kungolandira mu mawonekedwe a triangular oyika zomangamanga pulasitiki ma. mawonekedwe mafunde oyika wailesi anasonyeza mkati makona kumaliza attenuation. Pamwamba pa ntchito mawailesi kupotoza chizindikiro anasonyeza ku ndegeyo, akugogoda osokonezeka Rada ntchito podziteteza.

Yaitali ndege pa supersonic imathamanga, ndege pansi pa Kutentha kwambiri ndiponso yaitali. Choncho, ntchito yomanga "Blackbird" pafupifupi 93% tichipeza "Yoyeserera-B 120 'kutentha zosagwira ndi mkulu-mphamvu aloyi titaniyamu.

fuselage

Popeza kuti liwiro la mapanelo phiko khungu yosalala m'litali ndi kufufuma ndi Kutentha, zinthu izi anapangidwa corrugated. grooves kotenga osati zinthu monga ikuthandizira nthiti, koma kuwonjezera kutentha madyaidya ndikuledzera dera, pafupifupi popanda kuwonjezera m'mbuyo.

Amakono ambiri American warplanes ndi tinatake tozungulira pa muzu wa mapiko, koma "Blackbird" iwo amakhala utali wonse wa fuselage, ndilo chifukwa gawo yake yozungulira ndi kwasanduka pafupifupi diamondi woboola pakati. tinatake tozungulira awa masewero wapawiri: kulenga lalikulu kwambiri Matola, omwe amachepetsa ndi theka nthawi kupinda pa fuselage yaitali, komanso kutumikira kuti akomere mafuta ndi zida. Komanso, ntchito aerodynamics ndi kuchepetsa m'mbuyo.

Adalira ili mu spaced "mu tandem" ndi cabins munthu, kutsegula kumbuyo magetsi. Glazing cabs zitsanzo Lockheed SR-71 ndi la galasi wapadera, lolimba Anachita cheza ultraviolet pa okwera mkulu. Cabins ndi mpweya, oyendetsa ntchentche mu suti kuthamanga.

phiko

Phiko ali kupindika a mtima kunja, amachepetsa kupinda ndi kupotoza mphindi pa izo. Adziyeretsa lachitsanzo mu mphepo mumphangayo anasonyeza kuti kufunika kutseka kuti uchiwo usatuluke kapena slats palibe - phiko chachikulu pa ankafika amalenga wamphamvu mpweya khushoni, kupereka ankafika zofewa kwambiri, pafupifupi popanda woyendetsa sitima. Ambiri spaced nacelle mosamala ankawachotsera ndipo ali kunja pamphambano ndi lupanga otsogolera phiko appreciable sagging.

mchira

Ofukula mchira anapanga tselnopovorotnym. Izi keels nthawi 2.5 kwambiri kuposa ochiritsira pamalo kulamulira amafuna kuchimwa kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino ang'onoang'ono, omwe amachepetsa kukana. Zolemba malire kuchimwa zipsepse "Blackbird" ngodya imathamanga mpaka Mach 0,5 ndi 20 °, pa liwiro apamwamba ali basi kusanduka ° 10. Keely anapambutsa inwards ndi 15 ° lomwe lili ndi ubwino wokhazikika ndi controllability. Mwachitsanzo, SR-71 supersonic ndege si mantha crosswinds 18 m / s. M'mphepete trailing wa mapiko a kwathunthu kulamulidwa ndi ailerons amaphatikizidwa ndi zikepe.

Motors

"Blackbird" ali awiri amphamvu kwambiri mtundu injini TRD Pratt & Whitney JT11D-20b (wina lakuti - J58) yaikulu ya 144,56 kN. Mu chinsinsi chachikulu osiyanasiyana "Blackbird": 3 pa liwiro la Mach Motors kutembenukira makamaka mu co-panopa: 58% ya makokedwe amapereka mpweya wambiri, 25% - ndi nozzle ndi 17 zokha% - injini enieni. Air inlets la ndege "wakuda mbalame" tinalengedwa kuti kupereka gawo yofunika kwambiri cholinga chilichonse. cones anapangidwa chosinthika kugwira yoweyula mantha mu zakudya mpweya.

Kupanga injini J58, akatswiri ochokera Pratt & Whitney anakumana ndi mavuto aakulu: mpweya polowera kutentha anafika 380 ° C, mu injector mafuta - 160 ° C, mu afterburner - 280 ° C, ndi mafuta injini - 485 ° C. Choncho J58 zomangamanga, kupatula titaniyamu, apeza ntchito makamaka faifi tambala superalloys Hastelloy-X, ndi René 41. Chifukwa ichi matenthedwe injini boma nkhawa iliyonse maola 200 opareshoni anali disassembly wathunthu ndi kuyendera.

galimotoyo

Galimotoyo "Blackbird" tricycle ndi mphuno gudumu. M'mphuno thandizo ndi matayala retracted patsogolo, waukulu - ku Limbe. Galimotoyo kutsukidwa yomweyo atachoka pansi, kuyambira Lockheed SR-71 msanga Iyamba kwa pazipita chovomerezeka ndege liwiro ndi ikamatera zida (555 Km / h). thandizo kiyi ndi mawilo atatu pa chitsulo chogwira matayala yomweyo kuchepetsa kuthamanga pansi, nthawi yomweyo kupulumutsa buku mkati mwa fuselage lapansi.

Matayala sichinali chopangidwa ndi mphira, ndi wapadera kutentha zosagwira chuma, ndi kuti asunge kufinya akupitiriza modes onse anathawa, ndipo odzazidwa ndi mpweya kupewa makutidwe ndi okosijeni ndi asafe. Iwo ndi kuyenda yosalala wokutidwa ndi utoto siliva kuchepetsa kutentha. Wells galimotoyo atazungulira akasinja mafuta - zochita mafuta monga coolant a.

dongosolo braking

Reconnaissance ndege amaperekedwa limodzi braking parachuti awiri a 12 m, chopangidwa ndi ntchito wodula yomweyo pambuyo mathamangidwe touchdown pa 280-330 Km / h. The parachuti unapangidwa wapadera kutentha zosagwira zakuthupi ndi mauna anapanga mathamangidwe osati kuti anang'amba mutu. Iwo katungulume kuchokera pamene kuchepetsa liwiro ndege ku 110 Km / h kuti kusokonezedwa mu keels tether.

zida

US Air Force amagwiritsa machitidwe zotsogola ndi ulamuliro telemetry. "Blackbird" dongosolo eyiti njira amaperekedwa ndi sichisinthasinthanso (STCs), akulipira "anamanga-" Kusakhazikika kwa ndege (omwe amayamba ndi Kutentha ndi m'goli mu ikuthamanga ndege). Kachitidwe ntchito pa nkhwangwa onse atatu ndi katatu kutsanzira.

Pa liwiro la Mach 3, ndi chiwongolero kanthu nachonso wolimba kungayambitse kusintha mwadzidzidzi udindo wa ndege mu mlengalenga, tingayambe kuti uwonongedwe. Komano, pamwamba pa phiri, pa chimene SR-71 Blackbird, mpweya kachulukidwe ndi zosakwana 2% ya kachulukidwe ake pa mlingo nyanja, napempha kwambiri zowongolera kuchimwa.

SPU chinakhazikitsidwa ndi Honeywell ndipo anali mmodzi wa odalirika kwambiri ndege lonse: MTBF ake pafupifupi 130 000 maola. Ngati dongosolo akadali wosweka, n'kovuta ndege mu ikuthamanga, koma n'zotheka.

Honeywell kampani nayenso anayamba kompyuta kwa processing deta ndege, kuwapangitsa kukonzedwa kwa kupotoza akuwuka mu ndege imathamanga supersonic. Chifukwa champhamvu mpweya zoipa kuthamanga pa mkulu okwera zipangizo ochiritsira ndi athandizira ku machubu HDPE anali osadalirika. Phindu lenileni la ofukula liwiro, okwera ndi liwiro Mach nambala kuti ankasonyeza kompyuta atatu digito oonetsa cockpit lapansi.

dongosolo mafuta

Amphamvu ndi yaitali Kutentha ndege Lockheed SR-71 mu ikuthamanga ndege chofunika chitukuko cha lubricants latsopano, mankhwala ena omatira, slurries, zipangizo kutchinjiriza ndi monga D. Choncho, mafuta ntchito mu "Blackbird" mtundu JP-7, chotere kutentha. mliri amene anatentha reagent wake wapadera - triethylborane (TEB). Chifukwa cha ichi ntchito monga coolant kwa yozizira adalira kanyumba ndi yovuta kwambiri kwa kutenthedwa kwa mfundo, mu galimotoyo makamaka. Koma monga kupanga mafuta anayamba Kutentha m'goli la fuselage, ndi kuchititsa mapindikidwe wa sag ake.

Mu chitini wapadera mu ndege pali katundu wa triethylborane kuyamba injini mu mlengalenga ndi kuyatsa afterburner. nzeru Strategic anapereka akasinja sikisi mafuta kuti muli malita 46.000 wa mafuta. Akasinja yofunika chapamwamba ndipo m'munsi makoma a mitundu plating, ndi chifukwanso cha kuwonjezeka ndi chidule cha airframe mwadongosolo pa Kutentha ndi kuzirala, iwo osokoneza. Pambuyo mawola 200 ndege iwo anasindikizidwa koma loyenda bins ndi pansi chakhalapo pa magalimoto ndege kudziunjikira lonse maiwe mafuta. Popeza JP-7 sanali kosakhazikika mafuta, zayamba ngozi moto, koma ikuthamanga ndege thanki khoma ndi mkangano kwa 280 ° C, moti ngakhale mafuta JP-7 ake mkulu flashpoint akhoza kupereka kuphulika. Choncho, akasinja ndege wodzazidwa ndi asafe.

makhalidwe luso

Model SR-71 ali specifications zotsatirazi:

• Utali - 32,7 m.
• Wingspan: 16,9 m.
• Kutalika - 5.6 m.
• Tengani-kuchokera kulemera - matani 78.
• Flight osiyanasiyana - 4800-5200 Km.
• Liwiro - 2125 Km / h pamalo okwera mamita 9000 ndi 3220 Km / h pamalo okwera mamita 24,000.

zida

Pa njira zitatu, "Blackbird" Analeredwa yekha supersonic ndege interceptor YF-12a. Mpheroyi mivi anayi "mpweya ndi mpweya» Hughes Gar-9 (cholinga-47A) Super-Chimphamba, anachititsa pa chandamale ntchito makina ounikira AN / ASG-18a. Reconnaissance embodiments manja anali ngakhale analongosola pa unsembe njira kuti SR-71 ndi chidebe disposable mabomba nyukiliya m'njira yoponya mabomba Convair B-58 Hustlen.

chisawawa

Ndege asilikali ndege amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu njira zamakono nkhondo. Ngakhale chidwi gulu kutsatira makina a mphamvu zikulu, ndege ndi zofunikanso pa utumwi reconnaissance. Mwina kwambiri lodziwika bwino Blackbird reconnaissance ndege.

Kukhala "mawanga otentha" onse a dziko lapansi, SR-71 sizinachitikepo anagwetsa. Mu 1972 ananena mawu a kale Air Force anga amene ankagwira ntchito ku Agency Security National mu makoma magazini asilikali kuti: "Ponyani muviwo pansi SR-71 sizingatheke." Sergeant ukutchulidwa nthawi kumene Chinese anali kuyesera kuchita, koma interceptor oyendetsa "MiG 21" anamuukitsa Alamu akanangokhoza ndikudabwa pamene watilakwira wakhala chamunthuyo. Malinga ndi iye, "Blackbird" ndi anawuluka pamwamba pa gawo Soviet, ndi NSA kumvetsera siteshoni pamodzi malire a USSR analemba zimene mpweya chitetezo Soviet. Komanso anga akale ananena kuti US pakompyuta-nzeru njira anawalola kutsatira ndege pafupifupi onse ndege Soviet usilikali, ndipo ngakhale kudziwa amene panopa piloted ndi makina makamaka. Ndipo mu mtengo waukulu uwu "makumi asanu oyamba."

Pa 70 ndege American anawuluka pamwamba pa Korea North, China, Cuba, pamodzi malire a USSR. Pankhaniyi, panali misonkhano ndi liwiro panthawi Soviet interceptor - MiG-25P, ndipo zinatha, monga Achimereka, si mokomera otsiriza. Komanso zinalephereka ankafuna kupeza chisawawa "mlendo" pa nthawi atsopano mivi odana ndi ndege.

Lockheed A-12

Dzina "Blackbird" amaganizira ndi Scout njira SR-71. Komabe, kumbuyo dzina ili ndi ena awiri siikudziwika bwino galimoto: A-12 ndi YF-12a.

Nkhani ya mayina awa ndithu chidwi. Amadziwika kuti US Air Force ndege ndi gulu bwino. Chidule YF kutanthauza kalasi womenya zoona, YF-12a anali womenya experimental. Letter A (kuukira) n'kukagwiritsa asilikali ake, koma A-12 mwachionekere si ofanana ndi nkhondo. Izi zachitika kusokoneza nzeru Soviet pambuyo yaikulu yochititsa manyazi mayiko anawomberedwa pansi pa Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg), ndi US kazitape ndege. Ndiye Purezidenti Eisenhower analonjeza Khrushchev si ntchito reconnaissance ndege mu mlengalenga pa Soviet Union, koma Lockheed ntchito wangomaliza lolunjika pa ntchito imeneyi. Yokhala, iye ankaona "yapachiweniweni singaimitse ntchitoyi" monga CIA a - bungwe osati za asilikali.

Ndi January 1962 A-12 zinachitika anali wokonzeka Edzi. Pambuyo ndege yoyamba kunapezeka kuti kwambiri ya zopindika kukonza. Makamaka anakhomedwa powerplant amafuna yaitali ndipo yolemetsa kuukonza inlets. Ngakhale zili chomwechi, A-12 unayambitsidwa mu mndandanda - ndi CIA Zinkafunikiradi mkulu-liwiro reconnaissance m'malo chakale U-2. 14 toyesa zinalembedwa.

kapangidwe

Lockheed A-12 Unakhalabe kwenikweni experimental - izo ankalakwitsa zina ndi zina zambiri zimene zingatisokoneze kuchotsedwa finalizing kapangidwe yekha. Mwina mkulu pakati pawo - wolemetsa yaikulu woyendetsa, kumene kuwonjezera mphamvu za ndege, chimene chinali chosavuta zovuta, anapirira razvedapparaturoy ambiri.

zizindikiro kunja A-12 anali mwamphamvu ananena mphuno m'mbali molunjika kwa gawo kutsogolo kwa sags fuselage ndi kutha naperewera pa masika. Chachikulu kusiyana kwa zosintha wotsatira wa "Blackbird" ndichoti munali limodzi. Pakuti cockpit anali razvedoborudovaniya chipinda (a otchedwa Q-chipinda), zida reconnaissance kuyikidwa mu mphamvu ya fuselage lapansi. Nthaŵi zina za A-12 anakhalabe pafupi kwathunthu unpainted - wakuda anangokhala uta ndi cockpit ndi Phiko kutsogolera m'mphepete ndi phirilo wa intakes mpweya.

YF-12a interceptor

Iye akumenyana mphukira ya "Blackbird" banja. Kusiyana zazikulu ndege kazitape:

• Pa YF-12a yakwera moto ulamuliro Rada zitsanzo Hughes AN / ASG-18a ndi dongosolo conjugate kufufuza IR ndi kutsatira wa mipherezero.
• Armament - mivi anayi cholinga-47A (GAR-9) Super-Chimphamba ". Mpweya ndi mpweya"
• Pakuti cockpit m'malo Q-chipinda, ndi onenepa wachiwiri, kumene woyendetsa anaikidwa manja.

Mu 1964, mlengi Klerens Dzhonson Kolliera amaitcha "kwa zinthu zazikulu mu aeronautics US". Pa ulaliki wa Lockheed YF-12a ndege zinali, utoto wakuda. Choncho, mwinamwake, ndipo anapita dzina lawo mwamwayi - "Black Mbalame".

Mapeto a nthawi imeneyo

Ndi Mipingo oyambirira makina zogwirira kale ukucheperachepera, ndi kuwasunga iwo mu chikhalidwe zouluka wakhala mabvuto kwambiri. Makamaka zovuta malo ndi injini: TRD J 58 anali kudzipatula kwa msika mu zaka zao za sikisite mochedwa, ndipo ngakhale mawola 200 injini ntchito ndi disassembly amphumphu anayendera, ndipo pambuyo mawola 600 - kukonzanso, zokha, zisathe. zida zosinthira kuti zinali zovuta kwambiri.

M'chaka cha 1988, nduna Air Force US Edvard Oldridzh inanena kuti ndalama kukhalabe zombo SR-71 ndi wofanana ndi ndalama kwa ntchito yokonza mapiko awiri womenya ndege. Ndi nthawi chiwerengero cha magalimoto ntchito kuchepetsedwa ndi theka - kuchokera 12 mpaka 6. Mu 1989, anaganiza kuchotsa reconnaissance ndege SR-71 ndi zida. 1990 M'chaka, ndi "makumi woyamba" achotsedwa. Atatu magalimoto Flight Mayeso Center, NASA Dryden ananenedwa kukhala zouluka Laboratories phunziro la ndege supersonic. Otsalira mbali pa zisanu ndi kokhazikika ndipo akhoza theoretically, ngati n'koyenera, kubweretsedwa mu chikhalidwe chakuwuluka.