Mafupa Chibade: mbali structural ndi chithunzi

Akamba ndi zokwawa, amene amadziŵika kwa inakhala ena, makamaka chigoba dongosolo. Amakhulupirira kuti nyama wapadera moyo wina miliyoni 220 zapitazo, kupanga pakati pa zokwawa wamkulu, wamkulu kuposa abuluzi, njoka kapena ng'ona. sayansi yamakono amadziwa 327 mitundu ya akamba, ndipo ambiri a iwo akufuna ikutha.

Mafupa kamba: mbali structural

Kamba mafupa ndi zinthu zapadera poyerekeza ndi inakhala ina, imene masamba zili kunja kwa bokosi munthu, akambuku, njobvu, mbuzi ndi anyani. Oti muli nazo zida kamba mafupa ndi mbali ya kapangidwe fupa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti chipolopolo atetezeke - ndi woposa chabe chophimba akunja. Ndi mbali ya thupi nyama. Pamene ayamba kupanga zigaza mafupa, ndipo mutu m'mbali akhala gawo limodzi la chipolopolo kukula. mafupa The wapangidwa ndi mafupa ndi chichereŵechereŵe.

Monga ulamuliro, ndi mbali 3 chachikulu:

• Chigaza (cranium, nsagwada zida ndi sublingual);
• ofananira mafupa akamba, mkati kapena kunja (chipolopolo, vertebrae, nthiti, ndipo nthiti zotumphukira);
• appendicular mafupa (miyendo, chifuwa ndi dongosolo m'chiuno).

Mafupa fulu: msana

Mafupa fulu dziko kumaphatikizapo msana pamodzi ndi khomo lachiberekero, thoracic, lumbar, sacral ndi caudal dera. Iwo ankayimiridwa ngati vertebrae khomo lachiberekero 8 pamene woyamba 2 wongolaniko kwambiri. Otsatidwa ndi 10 thunthu vertebrae, zinaphatikizidwa ndi arcs testaceous. M'dera la sacrum pabwino lathyathyathya zophuka lateral, kumene amagwira fupa m'chiuno. Ambiri a vertebrae mchira pali zambiri zosaposa 33. Dipatimenti imeneyi amakhala mkulu sayenda.

Mafupa a kamba, ndi chithunzi cha amene anapereka m'nkhani, muli pafupi kwathunthu ossified Chigaza, wopangidwa mwa oziziritsa ndi chipinda choipidwa. Mano ndi kwina monga imakonzedwa mu malo awo nyanga mbale kupanga kufanana mulomo. Mbali yapadera kamba mafupa kuposa inakhala zina ndi nthiti kuchepetsa m'makona.

Wapadera kapangidwe ka akamba nyanja

nyanja kamba thunthu ndi wapadera kuti ndi chimodzi mwa zamoyo ochepa amene ali onse eni ndi mafupa kunja. mitundu yonse kupatula leatherback pa, chimango akunja amatiteteza ndi kuthandiza ziwalo. Amakhala ndi chigoba cha fupa, amene nawonso, lagawidwa amachepetsa awiri: m'munsi ndi chapamwamba oti muli nazo zida plastron. Kwa mkati mafupa Ufumuyo minofu. Mofanana ndi dziko, nyanja akamba msana zinaphatikizidwa ndi carapace.

Long zala mu nthambi kupanga zipsepse amene ntchito kayendedwe m'madzi. Iwo ntchito ndi akazi kukumba maenje mazira pa nthawi kukaikira mazira. Mkamwa mwa akamba nyanja alibe mano. M'malo mwake, iwo ndi mlomo lakuthwa, mungathe kuphwanya chakudya. Leathery pakamwa lili angapo spines chimanga chosakhwima.

Osati akamba onse ndi chipolopolo molimba

Pa akamba leathery msana si zinaphatikizidwa ndi chipolopolo ndi chipolopolo alibe mafupa, koma m'malo izo aphimbidwa okhwima gudumu ndipo amapereka mwa dongosolo la mafupa ting'onoting'ono. zosintha zimenezi kulola kamba kuyenda pansi pa madzi kwa akuya 1.5 Km.

Zosangalatsa za akamba

• Oti muli nazo zida akamba mafupa kwenikweni tichipeza 50 mafupa osiyana. Kunja izo akufanana wina chishango mosalekeza, ndi chigoba chake mkati tichipeza mafupa angapo ndipo popangidwa ndi kusakaniza ndi nthiti nyama ndi vertebrae.
• Kuyambira mkati chipolopolo ndi zambiri ngati chibokosi kuti ali kamba kunja kwa thupi lake. Malinga ndi kukula kwa nyama, komanso magawo ena zingasiyane. Mwachitsanzo, red-kamba mafupa osiyana nthambi m'litali ndi caudal mchira amuna ndi wautali ndi thicker, ndi chipolopolo ndi wamfupi kuposa akazi.

• Animal muyaya zamangidwa nyumba yake. Si okhoza mwathupi kusiya, kapena aliyense kutaya msana wake ndi chifuwa.
• Chifukwa cha mafoni kwambiri ndi kusintha khomo lachiberekero vertebrae kamba angakhoze kukoka mutu wake mwa carapace, kapena, Tikawonetsetsa kubisa pamene zofunika chitetezo.
• Oti muli nazo zida akamba mafupa zikuphatikizapo wapadera makina limodzi yomwe imateteza hinge ndi kwatipatsa mpata retract mkati thupi.
• Fulu zipolopolo si zida, ngakhale kuyang'ana molimba ndi zishango moti. Pali anamanga-mu misempha ndi mitsempha, kuti ngati nyama anavulala chipolopolo wake wotetezera, zikhoza magazi ndi kumva ululu.
• Mu 1968, awiri akamba Russian anali mu malo nabwera sanamuvulaze, koma pang'ono wonenepa. Mwanjira imeneyi anasonyeza kuti chakuti amoyo kupanga ulendo mwezi.
• Ngakhale chikuoneka palibe vuto lililonse, iwo akhoza zankhanza adani. Chokwawa ena mtundu akhoza kukula kwa mamita 2.5 m'litali, mmene kulemera makilogalamu oposa 100 ndipo ndi amphamvu nsagwada zikuchepa zitamangiriridwa mulomo ndi zikhadabu kubala akulu mchira. Iwo kutikopa nyamazo, nthawi zina Mwina kamba mnzake, akuyenda lilime lake, lomwe limawoneka ngati mphutsi ndi.
• Chinthu chochititsa chidwi ndi nyama ndi yakuti, pakalibe makodi amapilira iwo angathe kubala phokoso. Ambiri a iwo hiss, ngakhale mungathe kumva ngati grunting ndi cackling. Kamba amachita, zikuchepa ikugwedezeka mutu wake mwanjira yotero kuti akakufinyani kunja kwa mapapo mpweya anapulumuka ndi kulira ena.

• Iwo kukhala weniweni sleuths pamene poona. kumaliseche Female zobisika rectum awo, M'mimbamo pafupi ndi mchira, amene ntchito kuswana, ndi defecation. Male mosavuta kudziwa ndi fungo wamkazi pfungo tochoka mkati cloaca lapansi.
• Ndipotu ina chidwi za mfundo nkhono ndi wachisanu. Iwo likukhalira kuti mwa inu kupuma! Mu mitundu ina, rectum wazunguliridwa ndi Kakhungu woonda kudzera amene mpweya kuwombola angayambe pa madzi a.
• mitundu yambiri ya akamba akhoza moyo oposa zaka zana.
• Iwo sali kuti pang'onopang'ono, ngati iwo ankakonda kuganiza. Iwo makamaka herbivores, kotero iwo sadzakhala ndi kuthamangitsa chakudya chanu. Iwo ali ndi zabwino, wandiweyani chipolopolo, kotero kuti iwo alibe kuthawa aliyense.