Heterotrophic - ndi thupi?

Chakudya - ndi mtundu wa njira ndi thupi limapeza mphamvu chofunika ndi chakudya kwa kagayidwe selo, kukonza ndi kukula.

Heterotrophs: makhalidwe ambiri

Heterotrophic - amene anapangitsa kuti ntchito zakudya organic. Iwo sangakhoze kulenga mankhwala organic ku zochita kupanga ngati kuti m'kati photo- kapena chemosynthesis autotrophs (zomera wobiriwira ndi ena prokaryotes). N'chifukwa chake kupulumuka kwa zamoyo anafotokoza zimadalira ntchito autotrophs.

Tikumbukenso kuti heterotrophs - munthu, nyama, bowa, ndi zomera ndi yaying'ono-zamoyo kuti sangathe photo- kapena chemosynthesis. Izo ziyenera kuti pali mtundu winawake wa mabakiteriya kuti ntchito kuwala mphamvu kupanga zinthu zake organic. Iwo fotogeterotrofy.

Heterotrophs kupeza chakudya m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Koma iwo ndi kuchepetsedwa kuti njira zitatu (chimbudzi, mayamwidwe ndi kuloŵerera), imene zovuta maofesi maselo ndi lamamatira kuti chosavuta ndi chosakanikirana ndi zimakhala ndi ntchito wotsatira wa zofuna za chamoyo.

gulu la heterotrophic

Onse m'magulu 2 - ogula ndi decomposers. Yotsirizira ndi kugwirizana yomaliza unyolo chakudya, monga angathe kusintha mankhwala organic mu chikhazikitso mchere. Konsumentami ndi zamoyo iwo amene ali okonzeka kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala organic amene anapanga pa moyo wa autotrophs popanda kutembenuka amamuponyera kuti zatsalira mchere.

Komanso ali heterotrophs - izo saprophytes kapena tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Saprophytes kudyetsa mankhwala organic wa zamoyo akufa. Izi nyama ambiri, yisiti nkhungu bowa shlyapkovye, komanso bakiteriya amene amayambitsa nayonso mphamvu ndipo inali kuwola.

Majeremusi kudya mankhwala organic zinthu zamoyo. Izi zina zamoyo, parasitic mphutsi, udzudzu ndi nkhupakupa. gulu ili mulinso mavairasi, mabakiteriya, zomera parasitic, heterotrophs (mwachitsanzo, mistletoe) ndi bowa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.

Mphamvu zamoyo heterotrophic

Ndi chikhalidwe cha heterotrophs mphamvu ndi yosiyanasiyana. Choncho, palinso zamiyendo Inayi kapena zimadya mitundu, tizilombo ogwirira zamoyo kuti kudya chakudya monga akufa mbewu ulusi kapena mitembo nyama, komanso zinthu za ntchito mphamvu zake kusungunuka organic.

Ngati ife kulankhula za mitundu ya zakudya heterotrophic, ayenera otchulidwa mawonekedwe holozoic. Chotero chakudya zambiri khalidwe la nyama ndi zikuphatikizapo zotsatirazi:

• Yolanda chakudya ndi kumeza.
• Chimbudzi. Kumafuna pogawanikana pamawere la tinthu organic mu particles ang'onoang'ono kuti kupasuka mosavuta madzi. Iwo ananena kuti choyamba akudutsa makina umapezeka chakudya (mwachitsanzo, mano), kenako kukhudzana ndi michere yeniyeni m'mimba (mankhwala chimbudzi).
• Suction. Zakudya kapena yomweyo kugwera minofu kapena mu magazi woyamba ndiyeno ndi ziliri pa ziwalo zosiyanasiyana.
• Kuloŵerera (kuloŵerera). Ndi ntchito ya zakudya.
• Excretion - kuchotsa kuwombola chomaliza mankhwala undigested chakudya.

Zamoyo-saprotrophs

Monga taonera kale, zamoyo kuti chakudya zatsalira akufa organic amatchedwa saprophytes. Chimbudzi iwo zimatulutsa michere yoyenera ndipo kenako kuyamwa thunthu kupangidwa ngati Chifukwa extracellular chimbudzi. Bowa - heterotrophs, amene ali mutu wa mtundu saprophytic chakudya - ndi Mwachitsanzo, yisiti kapena bowa Mucor, Rhizppus. Zikupezeka sing'anga chikhalidwe ndi secrete michere ndi wochepa thupi ndi nthambi mycelium amapereka yokulirapo pamwamba mayamwidwe. Choncho, shuga ndi ndondomeko kupuma ndi kuonetsetsa bowa mphamvu yomwe ntchito zosiyanasiyana kagayidwe kachakudya. Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti mabakiteriya ambiri ali saprophytes.

Tikumbukenso kuti mankhwala ambiri amene anapanga ndi saprophytes mphamvu, osati chosakanikirana ndi iwo. zinthu izi kulowa chilengedwe kenako angagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi zomera. Ndicho chifukwa chake ntchito saprophytic amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu vuto la vuto.

Lingaliro la kudalirana

Mawu akuti "kudalirana" anadziwana ndi asayansi De Bari, amene ananena kuti pali kuyanjana kapena ubwenzi pakati pa zamoyo za mitundu yosiyanasiyana.

Choncho, pali heterotrophic mabakiteriya amene amakhala mu kapepala m'mimba mwa nyama zamiyendo Inayi zhuynyh. Iwo amatha kudya mapadi, kudya. tizilombo Izi zimatha kupulumuka mu chimbudzi anaerobic ndipo adzaphatikizana ndi mapadi kuti mankhwala chosavuta kuti nyama khamu akhoza mosadalira kupukusa ndi kuphunzira. Chitsanzo china ichi angatchedwe symbiotic zomera ndi tinatake tozungulira muzu mabakiteriya a mtundu Rhizobium.

Ngati ife kulankhula za coexistence wa zamoyo zosiyanasiyana, m'pofunika kutchula chodabwitsa parasitism. Ngati ndi imodzi mwa awa (tiziromboti) ubwino wochokera coexistence ichi, china nthawi yomweyo - zoipa zokha (mwini). Choncho, mu nkhani iyi, tiziromboti umabala kuwonjezera amene amakhala, zakudya komanso afika kwa iye pothawira.

Majeremusi amene moyo padziko lakunja la asilikali otchedwa ectoparasites (utitiri, nthata kapena misundu). Iwo sali okha moyo parasitic. The mkati ndi ziyenera. Iwo yodziwika ndi kukhalako kwa parasitic (zomwe Mwachitsanzo, porcine njoka zam'mimba za matepi, Plasmodium kapena chiwindi fluke).

Kulonga n'cigwagwa, akhoza kutsutsa kuti heterotrophs - gulu waukulu kwambiri wa zamoyo, zomwe osati kucheza ndi mzake, komanso amatha bwanji zamoyo zina.