Mayiko mfundo kayendetsedwe ka polojekiti

Ngati pali vuto la zinthu kukhathamiritsa, ndi nkhani ya kugwilizana limapezeka palokha. bizinesi mwachindunji ayenera mwachangu kugwiritsa ntchito njira kayendetsedwe ka polojekiti. The woyang'anira ntchito pa ena osachepera chidwi kuti atsimikizire zimene zinakuchitikirani dokotala kuti anzake ndi mabwana. Iye amafuna kutsimikizira chidziwitso ndi luso lawo monga PM katswiri ndi kulipidwa chifukwa iwo amalipiritsa. Mogwirizana ndi zofunika kwambiri mfundo imeneyi kayendetsedwe ka polojekiti. Ndipotu, zochokera iwo, inu mukhoza kugwira ntchito yawo ndi kutsimikizira Luso zawo.

miyezo

Mfundo imatengedwa kuti ponseponse ndi zitsanzo za zinthu mofanana ndi zochitika zina. Mukhozanso itanani chikalata muyezo umene n'chakuti malamulo, malangizo ndi zofunika, kuti aone kugwilizana nawo mukadzayamba ntchito. Only pakati pa tanthauzo loyamba ndi lachiwiri pali kusiyana kwa kukulu. The limafanana oyamba abwino, ndipo chachiwiri lili okha umboni pa momwe kuyandikira kwa izo.

dziko ali oposa theka zaka unachitika mchitidwe zosiyanasiyana kapangidwe. Choncho, anthu mamiliyoni njira za chikhalidwe ichi sanatsatiridwe, kuphatikizapo amene ntchito njira yapadera mavuto osiyanasiyana. Pa nkhani imeneyi, ndipo pali kufunika dongosolo ndondomeko imeneyi, generalization ake ndi yogwirizanitsa. Choncho, unakhala mbali yapadera ya kasamalidwe, kumene kunali zosiyanasiyana ntchito yanu moyenera njira ndi malamulo.

Choyamba, kunali koyenera kumasulila ndi terminology wamba ndi mfundo athe kupeza pambuyo mwachidule zofunika kuti ntchito ndi khalidwe lake. Imachitika chitukuko cha umisiri zosiyanasiyana kayendetsedwe ka polojekiti. Pa mfundo imeneyi, n'zomveka kuti pali kufunika kudziwa makhalidwe ndi luso munthu ayenera chinkhoswe mu kayendetsedwe ka polojekiti, ndi njira zomwe ayenera kuti akhale mtsogoleri bwino.

Mitundu miyezo

Choncho panafunika kukhazikitsa masukulu kuphunzira kulamulira dera limeneli. Poyamba, chirichonse chinali ikuchitika pa mlingo dziko, kenako chinachitika kwa mayiko. Choncho, mabungwe awa anasonkhana, anasonkhanitsa ndi kusasintha zinachitikira kumvetsa mmene angayendetsere ntchito, kotero kuti anapereka chifukwa konkire. Kudziwa mfundo kayendetsedwe ka polojekiti, anali kusanthula ndi apanga makhalidwe abwino. Kuti zimenezi zitheke, kasamalidwe amagwiritsa zigawo ziwiri: chinthu ndi zotengera malingaliridwe. Kuti imatengedwa ntchito payekha ndi gulu lonse, pamodzi ndi zofunika chiyeneretso cha Ngopambana pa polojekitiyo. Motero, panali njira methodological kuti:

1. KUFOTOKOZERA ndi kumvetsa terminology, chinthu ntchito malowa ndi udindo wa anthu onse otenga mbali pa ntchitoyi.
2. Kuonetsetsa chitukuko ndi kasamalidwe akatswiri amene amachita kapangidwe mtundu wa ntchito ndi kuchuluka ntchito ndi dzuwa la ntchito imeneyi.
3. Pa chitsimikizo ndi kwenikweni ndi kuwerengetsa ndi kutsimikizira kwa akatswiri oyenerera, ndipo kachiwiri ndi okha zochita ayesedwa ntchito ndi ogwira ntchito izi.

mfundo kayendetsedwe ka polojekiti zikhoza kugawidwa mu mitundu inayi: lonse, dziko, makampani ndi ntchito.

PMI Institute of Mfundo ndi

Development wa luso kayendetsedwe ka polojekiti inayamba mu America mu zaka zao za sikisite lapansi. Iwo anakhudzidwa ndi zinthu zingapo, wamkulu amene anakhala amanyansidwa nyukiliya nyengo, mpikisano ndi Soviet Union kuti adzagonjetsa malo ndi chilengedwe cha njira zatsopano chitetezo. Panali nthawi ya kusintha kwakukulu, ndipo kufunika kukhazikitsa kayendetsedwe ka polojekiti ndi kulenga chitsanzo konsekonse chifukwa ichi chinali mophweka wosatsutsika. Choncho, mu 1969 ku United States atalenga sanali phindu gulu Project Management Institute, umene ukugwira chitukuko cha mfundo. Management Project zochokera PMI mfundo inachitika padziko lonse ndi kulemba akatswiri opitirira mamiliyoni atatu mu dera lino.

Choncho analengedwa muyezo zofunika, zochokera njira ya kasamalidwe monga dongosolo la zinachitikira zowombetsa mkota wa ntchito bwino, amene nthawi zonse kuyezedwa ndi antchito a Institute. bukuli , ndipo wakhala muyezo dziko m'munda wa kayendetsedwe ka polojekiti ku America. The zokolola komanso bwino mfundo imeneyi napita naye ku dziko mlingo lonse. Choncho, pa nthawi zochokera PMI PMBOK muyezo kayendetsedwe ka polojekiti ntchito ndi makampani padziko lonse. Ndipo zonse kukhala Mabaibulo atsopano a muyezo, zochokera buku zonse zabwino ndi chidziwitso ongolankhula.

chitsanzo mogwirizana njira kayendetsedwe ka polojekiti

chiphunzitso kayendetsedwe ka polojekiti anapanga maziko a PMBOK Guide. Inamangidwa pa mbali yofunika kwambiri ya ndondomeko lachitsanzo amaganizira mbali iliyonse ya mayendedwe amoyo ntchito. Komanso, amaganizira malo zinchito onse kudziwa zokhudzana ndi malo kasamalidwe ndi zimene ankachita mu ofesi ya kafukufuku. Kwambiri pa muyezo amatenga dongosolo kasamalidwe. Kusanakhale yoyamba, Institute zaka makumi awiri kusonkhanitsa deta zofunika ndi zambiri. Ndipo kale mu 1986, PMI Chatuluka malangizo woyamba pamaziko a kwao, umenenso zonse bwino mogwirizana ndi zimene zikuchitika masiku ano. Panopa pali mabuku asanu bwinobwino kuthandiza kutukula bizinesi ndipo akuimira American national ntchito mfundo kasamalidwe.

muyezo ISO

Inde, dziko pali mfundo ambiri amene afika msinkhu dziko. Ndipo aliyense wa iwo ndi wampikisano kuti malo a mtsogoleri wa umisiri kayendetsedwe ka polojekiti. Pali chitukuko zonse msika wa chitsimikizo ndi kufunsira ntchito. Iwo amalankhula za chiyembekezo cha malangizowo. Ndipo gawo lalikulu la msika akhoza kutenga kuti bungweli kuti alandire mphamvu paliponse - kuchokera akatswiri kwa dziko. Kuti idzayankha maphunziro ndi chitsimikizo akatswiri, kuyamba chifukwa cha nkhani zawo.

ISO (ISO) ndi wamkulu ndi wamphamvu kwambiri gulu lonse odzipereka kwa standardization wa pafupifupi m'madera onse a malonda ndi luso. Chifukwa iye ndi mtsogoleri wa standardization pa mlingo padziko lonse, ali ndi ufulu kukhazikitsa mfundo iliyonse watsopano mu dongosolo, kodi zoona, pali kusiyana waukulu ku makampani ena. Ndi kupezera yekha njira osalakwa a pantchito, monga kumathandiza kuti mbali malamulo pafupifupi onse States. mfundo ndi yakuti mwayi onse utsogoleri ali anamasula kampani ISO kasamalidwe 21500 ntchito muyezo 2012. Ili ndi kalozera zoyambirira polojekiti kasamalidwe mu ambiri m'mayiko dziko.

Mosiyana ISO 21500: 2012 ku PMBOK

The mulingo woyamba m'munda wa kasamalidwe ka kampani wakhazikitsa ISO mu 2003. Bukuli malangizo zazikulu zimene samalani Mkhalidwe kuphedwa chifukwa cha polojekiti. Ngakhale zolinga za kampani ya misa kufalitsa chikalatacho, iwo sanali wolungama. Choncho, ndi 2012, ISO zachitika chikalata latsopano, mogwirizana ndi PMI. Management Project wakhala tsopano ofanana muyezo naye mpikisano ake m'njira zambiri. Izi makamaka zimaonekera kuteteza kugwirizana ndi kukwaniritsa mankhwala.

mbali Kiyi Wa muyezo ali motere:

• kusankha njira mulingo woyenera kugwiritsa ntchito, mosasamala kanthu za mfundo zake;
• ndi akukhudzidwira chithunzi zimenezi n'zomveka kuti ophunzira onse a ntchito, kusonyeza kasamalidwe mfundo zothandiza ndi asilikali;
• maziko kusintha kapangidwe mchitidwe;
• ndi ku maziko kuti Chili mfundo za mulingo uliwonse m'munda wa kayendetsedwe ka polojekiti.

Iwo likukhalira kuti mfundo ziwirizi ndi ofanana kwambiri nazo. The yoyesa kwambiri kusiyana ntchito anali Polish wasayansi Stanislav Gashik kusonyeza kusiyana konse mu standardization wa kayendetsedwe ka polojekiti.

standardization malangizo ICB IPMA

IPMA Mayiko Project Association Management anakhazikitsidwa mu Switzerland mu 1965. Cholinga cha chilengedwe ake anali kusinthitsa zokumana pakati, mabwana ntchito ndi mayiko osiyanasiyana. Ndipo mu 1998, ife anakhazikitsa mfundo dongosolo la chitsimikizo cha ndodo akatswiri m'munda wa ntchito. Kutanthauza dongosolo amayenera kutenga muyezo pa maziko a amene adzakhala ndi umboni wa yamtunduwu wa akatswiri. Choncho anayamba kupanga muyeso ICB, zochokera awonera m'mbuyomo ndi kutenga nkhani zofunika dziko la yamtunduwu wa mayiko ambiri ku Ulaya. Pa nthawi yomweyo, chitsanzo zinayi mlingo wa chitsimikizo kwavomelezedwa.

Mosiyana ndi kale anafotokoza mfundo mayiko ndi makampani kayendetsedwe ka polojekiti, ICB IPMA anatenga zinachitikira maziko structuring ake, ndi luso atsogoleri m'munda wa kayendetsedwe ka polojekiti. cholinga chake chachikulu ndi kukhazikitsa zofunika analandira padziko lonse lapansi kwa yamtunduwu wa PM akatswiri. Pakadali pali magazini yachitatu imene 46 zinthu anasonkhana magulu atatu: luso, khalidwe yamtunduwu ndi pabanja agwirizana. inawo chimaoneka mu luso mutu kumanga njira zothandiza zokhudza mabungwe onse.

Palinso anayamba kupanga chizindikiro chojambula zooneka ndi maso. Limatchula onse a magulu a anthu. Chitsogozo ndi malongosoledwe yeniyeni ya njira, njira kapena zida za kasamalidwe. Koma njira imeneyi, mafikidwe oyenera kwa kudziwa maluso ndi aya. Koma zikhoza kukuthandizani kudziwiratu ngati wodandaulayu kwa ntchito ya mutu wa Republic of Moldova ndi okonzeka kutenga udindo ndi ziti zimene zikadali ayenera kukhala.

Kuchokera pamenepa, zikuoneka kuti mfundo kosiyana osiyana, mogwirizana ndi zomwe mosiyana chitsimikizo. PMI chitsimikizo amalola kuti mutu wa PMP, ndi mayiko mfundo kayendetsedwe ka polojekiti ndi amodzi mu nkhani iyi. Fikani mbiri yabwino mu dziko lathu kungakhale ku likulu ndi St. Petersburg. Muyenera kudutsa masiteji atatu, akuti: kuyankhulana kukhoza mayeso ndi pochitika chisanadze Choyenereza.

Ngati ife monga maziko a ntchito oona za dongosolo, mu nkhani ya njira American lathu ndi kukhala wosakwatiwa wa kudziwa zimene limaphunzitsa. Koma IPMA amayankha ntchito ndi makhalidwe a obatizidwayo.

KALONGA 2 muyezo

Wina dziko kayendetsedwe ka polojekiti KALONGA 2 muyezo anayamba kupanga mu UK ndi panopa ntchito padziko lonse. Koma kupikisana ndi utsogoleri American, iye sangathe, chifukwa ndi njira payekha kwa mitundu ina ya ntchito. Pa maziko ake anagona malangizo omveka kuti zipangitsa kudalirika kwa kukhazikitsa ogwira ntchitoyi. Ngakhale kuchuluka zochepa muyezo yapangidwa England, izo akadali ntchito ambiri zokwanira. ntchito yake mu IT kapangidwe ka, chitukuko ndi msika kukhazikitsidwa kwa zatsopano, mu gawo la nyumba, okonza ndipo m'boma.

njira chikuphatikizapo m'munsi Boma, mapulani, bungwe, khalidwe ndi kuopsa ndi zinthu zina. Mu ntchito mwagwira mfundo kasamalidwe khalidwe akanema ena ayenera nthawi zonse kuwunika kwambiri ndi kutsatira sayansi, yomwe ndi mwatsatanetsatane kwambiri anafotokoza mu njira ya. Pali kusintha zonse chilengedwe ntchito, m'badwo wa mankhwala kasamalidwe ndi kuwachirikiza ndi zolembedwa. Nthawi zambiri ntchito mfundo zisanu ndi ziwiri, mfundo ndi ndondomeko. Zimenezi zimathandiza kuti tikwaniritse miyezo ntchito zina mwa ntchito khalidwe. Koma pali drawback - palibe kuphunzira za kasamalidwe mwa kundipatsako kwa kukhudzana, maphwando chidwi ndipo pali zingapo njira zina, zimene mu American mayiko kayendetsedwe ka polojekiti muyezo.

Khalani Kusankha ndi ntchito kuphatikiza miyezo

Palinso Russian dziko mfundo zokhudza kayendetsedwe ka polojekiti. chakuti makampani ambiri amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo yachilendo kwa chitsimikizo ndi kasamalidwe ka ntchito zawo. Koma nthawi yomweyo mfundo zosiyanasiyana boma anayamba makampani payekha komanso mfundo lonse.

Pankhani mayikidwe a mfundo popanda iye nthawi zambiri chabe simungakhoze kuchita popanda. Mwachitsanzo, makampani ntchito mfundo British, amafuna njira zina zofanana ndi PMBOK. Nawonso ntchito okha muyezo American zimabweretsa kusowa kwa njira isanafalikire. Koma ISO kapena ofanana - ntchito yanu moyenera muyezo GOST R ISO 21500-2014 - athe kukhazikitsa zofunika kumva, popanda atengere mfundo zenizeni amapeza. Ambiri, kugwiritsa ntchito njira iliyonse ayenera atengere kasamalidwe chikhalidwe cha bungwe, kumene ntchito.

Pomaliza

Atamuyesa pafupifupi onse akuluakulu mayiko mfundo kayendetsedwe ka polojekiti, tikhoza kunena motsimikiza kuti mfundo zoweta sizikhudza kuchita, popanda zina yachilendo. Nayenso mfundo mayiko amafuna kukhathamiritsa ndi kusintha kwa maganizo ndi kasamalidwe dongosolo mu dziko lathu. Choncho, kwangotsala kuwerenga, ndi chakuti posachedwapa tidzakhala ndi kusinthidwa mfundo zoweta kukwaniritsa zofuna za malonda ndi kayendetsedwe ka polojekiti dera. Koma mpaka Zikatero, m'pofunika kuphatikiza mfundo zosiyana m'munda wa kayendetsedwe ka polojekiti kuti chifukwa ogwira ntchito ya akatswiri mu PM.